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"[fie J^enon)inee Iron f{ai)ge." 



Prom its Gsdg^is to its ReVefed/ion. 



" % ■ % •* (21 fan* lrjjose stones are 3ron, 

ano out of tofjose (Jiffe t$ou ma^est oig QBrass." 

— The Book of Deuteronomv. 



JAN 2Q, 



Swain & Tate Co., Printers, Milwaukee. 






A Business Invitation to the Menominee Iron Range 

/Vddressed to \od, 

F.ROM THE LUMBERMAN AND THE MINER 




'Say, Partner! Won't you come over and 'chip in?' " 



&fyt (Menominee 3ron (Range. 



ITS CITIES: 

THEIR INDUSTRIES^RESOURCES. 



Being a Sketch of the Discovery and Development of the 



&xtat 3t:on Ore Q&b* of tyt (VLoxty, 



Situated within portions of the States of 



Michigan and Wisconsin, South of Lake Superior, 



Submitted as a Hand-Book for the Information of those Seeking a Profitable 
Field for Labor and Investmei. 




T»aftetr (R. (ttum^, 



Author of "Ten Years in Winnipeg," "Keewatin, the Debatable Land" "Escanaba, the 
Iron Port of the _ World, ' ' etc. , etc. 



yoit% (Tllapfir <xxtii fflmttationB. 



Entered according lo Act of Congress, In the yenr 1891, by Waller B. Nnrsej, In Ihe office of the Librarian, nl Washlngloi 



y 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PREFACE. 
Explanatory of the objects of the publication, and the scope of its reference. . . 7-14 

CHAPTER I. 
The Menominee River Country — The Old and the New 17-27 

CHAPTER II. 
The Menominee Iron Range — Discovery and Development 29- 41 

CHAPTER III. 
The Ore and the Iron of the Menominee — Comparative and Affirmative... 43- 55 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Iron Mines of the Menominee Range — Facts and Fancies 57- 65 

CHAPTER V. 
The Cities and Towns of the Range — Their Industries and their Resources. 

Norway 67- 85 

Iron Mountain 87-1 17 

Florence 1 18-127 

Crystal Falls 128-148 

Iron River 140-141 and 149 

With Statistical Tables and Statements of Facts. 



Iffu^-red/ion^. 



♦ L_J LL of the artistic Half Tone Plates and Photo-Engravings which embellish this 
r^l _L publication, have been engraved by the Marr & Richards Engraving Co. of 
Milwaukee, from photographs taken especially for the purpose. To Mr. Hadley of the 
Thomson-Van Depoele Electric Mining Co. of Boston, I am indebted for the underground 
flash light views. 

For the typographical merits of the pamphlet, Swain & Tate Co. also of Milwaukee 
are capably responsible. 

The Map of the range which was compiled with special regard to the references I 
have made to local geography, is the work of Mr. Dunbar Scott of the Millie Mining 
Co., Iron Mountain. 

As to my estimate of the kindness of the quintette of ladies who permitted me to 
perpetuate their portraits in print, I find it quite impossible to express my appreciation 
in cold type. My desire to place in evidence that iron was not the only natural 
attraction native to the Menominee, is, I am now certain, distinctly demonstrated in the 
more magnetic allurements presented by these feminine symbols of its Northern Lights. 



Subject 



Photographer. 



bUEJECT. 



Photographer. 



River-man and Miner. . . .By Murdoch & Mortensen. 
Shaft No. I, Hamilton Mine — Group of 

Officials and Miners, By Murdoch & Mortensen. 

Miss Delia Felch By Lee. 

Shaft, Chapin Mine, 1878... Old Photo, Mr. Hambly. 

Initial Letter 

Paper Mill, Lower Quinnesec Falls.. .By Mortensen. 

Log Jam on Paint River 

Birds-eye view of Iron Mountain. . . .By Mortensen. 

Dr. Nelson P. Hulst By Stein. 

Hon. Jno. L. Buell By Mortensen. 

Vulcan Hotel By Miller. 

Mr. Lew Whitehead By Bordewick. 

Timber Shaft, Chapin Mine — Group 

of Miners By Brown. 

Miners Hand Drilling, H. Shields and 

J. D. Cudlip By Murdoch. 

Miners in Cage — Descending Pewabic 

Mine By Mortensen. 

Rand Air Drill, 4th Level, Ludington 

Mine — Capt. Davis, Engineer 

McDermott. etc By Mr. Hadley. 

A Menominee Ore Carrier, The E. C. Pope 

Through courtesy of Cleveland Marine Review. 

Birds-eye view of Norway By Bordewick. 

" Current Block," Norway By Bordewick. 

West Vulcan and Currie Mines, Penn 

Mining Co By Bordewick. 

Shaft House 2, Aragon Mine, Group 

of Officials and Miners By Bordewick. 

Street View, Norway By Bordewick. 

Mr. J..B. Knight By Bordewick. 

Rand Rock Drill, 12th Level, Hamilton 

Mine, Capt. Carbis and others Mr. Hadley 

Hauling Logs in the Winter By Julin. 

Birds-eye view, Iron Mountain By Mortensen. 

Chicago & Northwestern R'y Station, By Mortensen. 

Mr. John R. Wood 

Wood's Bank Block. . , . , . , , By Mortensen. 



Chapin and Ludington Mine — Hydrau- 
lic Works and Air Compressors — 
Menominee River By Mortensen. 

Residence of Mr. Jno. T. Jones By Murdoch. 

Pumps at work, 13th Level, Hamilton 
Mine, Mr. Fesing, Capt. Carbis 
and others Mr. Hadley. 

Residence of Mr. E. F. Brown By Murdoch. 

High School, Iron Mountain, 

Drawing by Architect Clancy. 

Fisher Block, Iron Mountain, 

Drawing by Architect Clancy. 

Mr. Jno. T. Jones 

Wood's Sandstone Block, Iron Moun- 
tain By Mortensen. 

Court House and Jail, Florence By Julin. 

Mr. H. D. Fisher By Armstrong. 

Wisconsin Saw Logs — A big haul By Murdoch. 

Mr. Chas. Loughrey By Julin. 

Public School, Florence By Julin. 

Dr. Cook's Camp, Brule River By Julin. 

The Mansfield Mine, Crystal Falls By McCourt. 

Mr. John Parkes, Crystal Falls By McCourt. 

Court House, Crystal Falls By McCourt. 

Paint River Falls and Water Power, 

Crystal Falls : By McCourt. 

Mr. A.'Lustfield, Crystal Falls By Brush. 

Lockwood House, Crystal Falls By McCourt. 

Public School, Crystal Falls By McCourt. 

The Dunn Mine, Crystal Falls By McCourt. 

Mr. Harte's Residence, Crystal Falls... By McCourt. 

Mr. Lustfield's Store, Crystal Falls By McConrt. 

Trout Fishing on the Brule, Iron River 

Ore Chute and Tram Car, 13th Level, 

Hamilton Mine Mr. Hadley. 

A Menominee Belle, Miss McKinstry..By Mortensen. 

The Chimes of the Menominee — 
Mrs. Claude Atkinson, Miss M. 
Bush and Miss Kitty McConnell, 

By McCourt, Bordewick and Mortensen. 



• Y T <4'< 



aee. 



1HE facts recorded in this monograph, other than those facts acquired by a study of 
available statistics, if not actually won at the mouth of a derringer, have yet 
been extracted, with few exceptions, from very unwilling witnesses. 

The dilemma which confronted me in my task, can be fairly well appreciated when 
it is understood that out of over sixteen hundred circulars of exhortation, addressed to 
all sorts and conditions of men, less than a dozen gentlemen respected the invitation. 
Sixteen hundred recipients "failed to connect." For obvious reasons this inexplicable 
apathy is to be regretted, and is mentioned more with the purpose on the part of the 
writer, of insisting upon plenary absolution at the hands of locally interested critics, for 
with a view to fortifying his position against comment on any sins of omission, a saving 
clause was inserted in the introductory prospectus, which read as follows: 

To place all matters of alleged fact in connection with the range, beyond the pale of doubt, your 
written opinion, based upon an actual knowledge of the subjects referred to, is urgently sought. If you do 
not care to accept your share of this reasonable responsibility, any criticism you may feel constrained to 
make after publication, will fail to indicate that you " were really interested in the reliability of the work." 

To those few who realized the importance of disseminating literal literature, con- 
cerning a territory destined to furnish and to forge the king-bolts of America's commer- 
cial world, and with whom a sense of universal duty prevailed over other considerations, 
I proffer my thanks. 

To Dr. N. P. Hulst, of Milwaukee, Gen. Man. Pewabic Mine; Mr. John T. Jones, 
Supt. of Hamilton Ore Co.; Mr. J. B. Knight, Editor of Norway Current; Mr. Kelly, 
Gen. Man. Penn. Mining Co.; Mr. John R. Wood, Pres. First National Bank, Iron 
Mountain; Rev. Father Bourion, Mr. H. D. Fisher and Mr. Frank Waring, of Florence, 
Mr. A. Lustfield and Mr. Gerome Schwartz, of Crystal Falls, and Mr. Lew Whitehead, 
of Vulcan, and to Major S. G. Brock, Chief of Bureau of Statistics Treasury Dept, and 
Dr. David T. Day, of the Division of Mines, Washington, my acknowledgments for 
valuable information are especially owing. To some other gentlemen I am also under 
obligations to a lesser degree. As to the contingent of chronic promisors, whose profuse 
pledges remain unfulfilled I commend them to the consideration of my successors. To 
those who were always too busy ( "Don't you see Sir, that I am too busy?") to talk busi- 
ness, or even to be approached, and an interruption of whose child-like reveries, woulrl, 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



were the dreamers to be believed, disturb the balance of the world, I extend my 
apology and make natural allowance. To those other few, equally estimable yet more 
refreshingly frank and understandable gentlemen, who referred to pits more bottomless 
than euphonious, where the earth forever melts in a fervent heat, and spoke of an over- 
ture of clubs, I would merely remind them, that in the advanced prosperity which must 
follow a wider knowledge of the native riches on which the very thresholds of their 
houses rest, though they will share in all the benefits that will follow such publicity they 
can never hope to claim the smallest particle of credit. 

It is particularly trusted that the mission of these unpretentious pages or their 
proper status in the world of books, will not be confounded. In no sense are they 
hazarded as a literary effort, or with the presumption that they will rank with any of the 
more elaborate and recognized chronicles of Michigan's achievements. A great dearth 
of literature descriptive of the famous local resources of these portions of the states 
dedicated to the "beaver" and the "wolverine," exists. It was deemed that any 
addition to such scant records no matter how immature the style, provided unassailable 
facts were presented, should be of practical avail in spreading the knowledge of the 
wonders of marvellous Menominee, and so be acceptable to a public forever thirsting for 
information. 

I am aware that publications of this nature are prone to carry greater respect if they 
are free from any indication of being issued as a business venture. Again, on the other 
hand, if issued under the auspices of local interests they are probably more apt to present 
colored and partial views, the result of a not unnatural desire to place everything in the 
best possible light. I therefore submit that in the plan now pursued, namely a review 
by an impartial observer, the naked truths are more liable to be presented than they 
would be by any of the ordinary methods universally in vogue. The writer being 
distinctly free from provincial prejudice and completely independent of control, the state- 
ments hereinafter made may be accepted as reliable. Whilst exception may be taken 
to certain conclusions reached, involving a difference of opinion only, no exception need 
be taken to the facts as recited which in every case have been subjected to all possible 
verification. 

Profound belief in Menominee's future, a belief encouraged by the staunch advocacy 
of practical representatives of the Range, must stand the excuse for the existence of this 
epitome of truths now presented. The pith of the rangeman's creed — which forms the 
excuse for my research, and the scope of my enquiry — is best explained by a quotation 
from the prospectus already mentioned, and which preceeded my investigations, and the 
compiling of this pamphlet. 

Distinctly foremost as a controlling factor in the expansion of trade and the enlistment of capital, is 
the unstinted publicity of facts relating to the physical aspect and commercial situation of any region, 
which aspires to compete in the world's race for supremacy in any special line of product or manufacture. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



The people of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and its parallell territory in Wisconsin, have been 
slow to adopt the pacific methods of modern trade warfare — the necessary outcome of commercial 
competition — which have been so successfully employed in the iron producing states of the South. Alabama, 
Virginia, the Carolinas and Tennessee in particular, have almost dried up the printers founts, and exhausted 
his fonts, in publishing to the outside world in attractive form the history of their resources, and have 
actually stormed the commercial strongholds of the North itself, hoping even to seduce the business men 
of the inland marine states from allegiance to their highlands of superior mineral and timber, for the 
doubtful advantages of the inferior iron fields of the over-heated South. 

Not a southern city of the least magnitude — with less abundant advantages than have the majority 
of its prototypes in the North, or one whose town plat even exists only in the minds of the promoters — but 
has been written up, and its alleged resources advertised in an attractive way. Not a day passes but 
illustrated literature, preaching in glowing terms southern possibilities, reaches the northern manufacturer 
to disturb his peace of mind, or to induce the hesitating investor to concentrate his attentions on those 
somewhat torrid latitudes. 

Whilst statements more or less exaggerated are thus placed in circulation, the fact must not be lost 
sight of, that the South if producing a much less valuable grade of ore than the Lake Superior region, 
holds out some cogent reasons for recognition, in the way of low freight rates and less exacting royalties. 

The vastness of the Menominee Mines, the unapproachable excellence of their ores, the dense forests 
of pine and hardwood, with an unlimited supply of structural timber, pulp wood, lumber, charcoal and 
other fuels, offering material for every known branch of manufacture, together with the inestimable value 
of the many river's enormous water power, whilst all contributing to make a region incalculably rich in 
natural resource — have never been presented to an inquisitive public in condensed book form. 

It is in a measure to present a counter-irritant to this southern fever, that I invite a closer study of the 
great trade possibilities of the Iron ranges of the Menominee, which may righteously be regarded as perhaps 
the richest region of ferriferous deposit in the known world. 

A region, upon the churned bosom of whose restless parent stream annually float 
some 600,000,000 feet of logs cut within its limits, can surely be excused for courting 
public criticism. 

What are these rivers saying? What is the burden of their invitation? What is 
the practical interpretation of the music of their ripple, and of the psalm of their 
cataracts? Listen! it is this: 

"We are dying to be harnessed in the interests of commerce. We are eter- 
"nally and aimlessly beating against the rocks. ~Won't you come, man of indus- 
trial science and lead us the way we would go? At six points alone, alongside 
"flourishing towns, we offer you our free services equal to twenty thousand horse 
"power. It is yours for the asking. Won't you come?" 

These streams offer every trade inducement in the way of cheap and applicable 
co-operation to the men who seek new fields for manufacturing industries. The raw 
material, the wood and the iron, are at hand' in plethoric abundance. The market is 
both local and territorial, the demand is daily increasing, but the supply at present 
comes from abroad. The forests of the Menominee butter the bread of the eastern 
manufacturer, who grows rich on their crude product. The Iron Mountain consumer, 
after paying two freights on his manufactured necessaries of life, besides commissions to 
various middle-men, realizes in common with his neighbors in other towns of the range, 
that it is about time he disbursed his wages nearer home, and in supporting local 
industries, indirectly benefited himself. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



An Iron Range such as the Menominee, with a list of thirty-two mines, only twelve 
of which however, produced during the last calendar year over 20,000 tons of ore each, 
and only six of which produced over 100,000 tons each, whilst the total output of 
fourteen others only reached 96,000 tons, yet managed, with this majority of infant 
industries to ship 2,282,237 tons OI hematite to eastern smelters, being considerably 
less than one-sixth only of the total product of the United States, and greatly less than 
one-third only of all the ore mined in Michigan — has surely the vested right by reason 
of native endowment to demand and exact the attention of the world. 

North and west of the Menominee Range, inclusive also of all Michigan and Wis- 
consin, I find by a study of the last Census Report (Bulletin No. 12) that there is a 
population of over 8,000,000 of people in the States and Territories marketably tributary 
to the Lake Superior Iron fields. Accepting the estimate of 300 pounds per capita as 
the present consumption of iron in the United States, I find that about 1,250,000 tons 
of iron would at the present time be annually necessary for the immediate wants of 
these people. Hence it would take to-day more than 200,000 tons of ore in excess of 
the Menominee Range product of 1890, to supply the existing want of the consumers 
geographically and commerciall}' dependent on an iron mart yet to be established in the 
bulls eye of the greatest ore-beds of the world, and this without any regard to an 
increase of population or the accelerating demand of the future. 

The chief portion of this hand book is justly devoted to a resume of the physical 
features, resources and industrial advantages of the Range, as a whole — as the situs of 
the iron fields which will within this century supply the entire Northwestern States — 
which resume forms the comprehensive text and key to the special advantages presented 
by each of the towns and villages within its borders. The limited space at my disposal 
permits but the veriest outline sketch of their several histories, and is entirely too 
restricted for the purposes of detailed chronology. Their separate mention indeed is 
more for the purpose of illustrating the inherent and extraordinary worth of the country 
subject to their control, an authority imposed upon them by the rapid expansion of 
their governmental functions, and of the industries upon which they are built, and 
which has forced them into existence within a decade. 

A short ten years since the oldest child of this urban family was the crudest kind of 
a mining village, canvas-housed, board-shacked, and log-cabinned, sheltering one hun- 
dred or less swart miners of divers nationalities under the sombre arches of whispering 
pines. Could the few tall trees, relics of the original forest, which now in places cast 
their ornamental shadows on electric lamp posts and the pilasters of sandstone blocks, 
tell to you the story, they are never tired of whispering to each other, amid the showers 
of glistening needles, falling, falling, a sweet winding-sheet upon the graves of departed 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



facts, you would carry away with you a just impression — far outside of my power to 
impart — of the awful results — I use the adjective intentionally — of the subtle forces of 
nature. Out of chaos has arrived a new order of things. Out of tenebrous forest wrack, 
and silent hills of jasper, have sprung important towns vital with active commerce, and 
vibrant day and night with the aggressive shriek of steam, the blows of the pick, the 
muffled friction of the hoists, the sonorous roar of emptying skips, the crisp creak of 
electricity, and the high pitched singing of compressed air. Towns whose utilization of 
certain modern scientific appliances, surpasses in some particulars all other cities of the 
world; towns whose material advancement is literally based on the incalculable and 
inexhaustible value of the foundations of their streets, and whose adjacent barriers of 
marketable woods make even invasion profitable whilst it lasts, and conquest doubly so. 

Few of the men who drifted into the wilderness of the range in the dying '70's 
dreamed of the revelations and successes which were to follow their primal exploits. 
American and Englishman, Italian and Frenchman, Swede and Belgian, Polak and Fin- 
lander, who followed in the blazed tracks of the early prospectors, realized even less 
than did the yet earlier French explorers, what mighty questions of commercial polity 
hung upon their efforts, whilst even their exploiting scientific precursors, who first 
damned their compasses for too faithful variations, and later woke the echoes of the iron 
cliffs of Waucedah, with their ultimate shouts of discovery, failed to comprehend in its 
entirety — as we also at this relatively late date do likewise — the significance attaching to 
the unlocking of the iron gates of the Menominee. To the men who first wrought and 
still labor in these "sunless caves," the thanks of the nation are due for their patient 
and insistent heroism. As for the discoverers, who through a war of conflicting rumors, 
in the face of great physical privation, and in the absence of all written reports, insti- 
tuted a mineral inquisition, subpoenaed the testimony of the rocks, and compelled these 
highlands of diorite to disclose the dark secrets of the ages, does not their compensation 
exist in the betterment of their fortunes, and the record of their researches, more 
enduring even than the mineral their efforts brought to light. 

This inland sea of metallic mountains, these pine-capped pyramids of Huronian 
rock, within whose subterranean terraces rest immense lenticular masses of hematite 
and magnetite of unsurpassed purity, remain to-day, practically speaking, a terra well 
nigh incognita. The richness of its deposits and the peculiar character of its geological 
conformation, renders its study and its scientific dissection an inviting field for the 
explorer and the capitalist. Leagues of ferruginous hills still sun their rust-red slopes 
undisturbed by diamond drill or giant powder. Of the millions of tons of ore in sight, 
they are, it is estimated, but an infinitesimal fraction of the vast body of 66 per cent, 
mineral, which underlies its eroded plane. Few days pass by, but new deposits are 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



announced in localities likely as Hot previously abandoned, whilst from less prospected 
places, news of fresh discoveries is constantly reaching the towns. To systematically 
explore the Menominee Range would occupy an army of experts until the crack of doom, 
Hitherto it has been but scratched at, an amount of work comparatively equivalent to 
that of a years labor by a lame chicken on a skating rink. That its thorough examina- 
tion will be accomplished by the present generation, is an idea not to be entertained for 
a moment. That it offers extraordinary opportunities to the members of the industrial 
world is a self evident proposition. 

The combination of circumstances — chiefly as a matter of fact, a combination of 
conflicting moneyed interests, effecting the producer of the ore, the shipper, and the 
utilizer of the crude manufacture, ably precipitated by "strikes" — which this current 
year has witnessed, culminating in a declining market for ore and a consequent decrease 
in the prophesied production of iron, is a result which has before to-day followed upon 
similar conditions. This temporary lull in the markets, however, carries no moral with 
it as far as the question of the world's accelerating demand for iron is concerned, it 
merely carries a warning to the trader to study more closely those principles of political 
economy which should govern his business. Iron is all right. It is the kings of 
finance who want regulating. 

The per capita consumption of iron in the United States in 1889, calculated on a 
population of 64,000,000 was 300 pounds, or 8,500,000 tons in all. The product of the 
country for that year was 7,603,642 tons, a shortage in iron for our own wants of nearly 
one million tons. If the consumption of iron in the United States alone, continues to 
increase in the same relative ratio to its population, and in corresponding proportion to 
the per capita increase during the twelve years preceding 1889, then the home consump- 
tion of iron as estimated by leading statisticians and based upon the simple conditions 
governing similar forecasts made for previous periods — subsequently verified by facts — 
will be for the year 1900, instead of seven millions, over fourteen million tons, and 
these figures are reached without making any allowance for the growing and more general 
utilization of iron, or any regard for the inevitable development of demand. Were this 
feature taken into consideration — and surely with our knowledge of the new uses of 
iron in expanding areas of industry, it is imperatively permissible — fifteen to twenty per 
cent, might reasonably be added to the sum of this calculation. In order that you can 
get a good northwestern "cinch" on these figures, I will produce a key by which their 
reliability may be tested : 

INCREASE. 

In 1856 the product of the United States in net tons was 883,137 

1867 " " " " " " 1,461,626 65 per cent. 

1878 " " " " " " 2,577,361 76 

1889 " " " " " " 8,516,068 238 

1890 " " " " " " 10,307,028 21 



The Menominee Iron Range. 13 

In 1900 every known iron producing country of both hemispheres will be canvassed 
to supply the world's want of, say 50,000,000 tons. In 1889, the consumption of iron 
throughout the whole globe was placed, in round numbers, at 25,000,000 gross tons, 
this to meet the demands of 1,400,000,000, of population. If the increase in the con- 
sumed production of iron in the United States for the fiscal year of 1890 exceeded that 
of the preceding twelve months by 1,790,960 net tons, an increase of over 20 per cent., 
it is within quite reasonable bounds to admit the value of the previous statement. The 
inexhaustible fields of superlative ore which underlie the bold crags of the Menominee, 
will then be taxed to solve the earth's problem, and her hills will be vocal to the chorus 
of the pick. A Michigan peninsula which in 1890 produced 8,104,029 tons of iron ore, 
valued at §25,000,000, with eighty-two mines, some only partially developed, others only 
in the dawn of their development, should with increased facilities — the outcome of wisely 
invested capital — supply her quota of this compounding demand, a demand which allow- 
ing 10 per cent, per annum for ten years as additional to the present rate of consumption 
— the world over — would permit Menominee, if she held the same relative position to all 
other iron ore producing districts that she does to-day, to more than double her output, 
and this without taking into consideration the known diminishing production of iron 
stone in Great Britain and of certain other countries. 

Neither is it only to assist her in the production of her ore, that the Menominee 
desires aid, but in the no less important matter of the conversion of the raw product 
into the crude, and the crude into the perfected article. The annual consumption of 
iron in the Northwestern States conveniently tributary to the Michigan and Wisconsin 
iron fields — and which later must be supplied direct from the points where the assembl- 
ing of all the component articles is the cheapest — based upon a 300 per capita allowance 
for the population, should amount as previously shown to about 1,250,000 tons. Only 
225,537 tons of this were produced in Michigan last year. How long is this condition 
of things going to continue. How long is the Northwest, with the continental centre of 
population yearly gravitating towards its higher latitudes, going to rest under the 
imposition of double freights on its raw exports, double in the sense that the "con- 
verted" material has to pay return freight, after its manipulation by eastern furnace- 
men. I submit full details on this question of freights vs. fuel, elsewhere. Even the 
"Solid" South with its inferior ores has to seek Michigan mines for its tithe of true 
mineral leaven, without which its lean products would be unmarketable for higher 
purposes. It is not proposed that old established industries should move north, their 
legitimate territory of occupation needs them, but it is urged that hesitating capital now 
at rest, should be induced to consider the business features of this presentment of facts, 
and thoroughly investigate the opportunities the Menominee offers before throwing out 
the industrial anchor elsewhere. And this whole subject must be regarded from the 



H 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



broadest trade standpoint. It is no question of sectional enterprise. I submit it as a 
commercial peg of national import, upon which the first shrewd member of the congress 
of finance, who dares to enter this lobby which leads to the nation's strong-box, can 
hang his Cardinals hat. 

Where are the men who would reap the benefit of this certain development in 
trade ? 

If I have aroused in you who read, the faintest interest in the "illimitable possi- 
bilities" of this northern heritage of metallic wealth, will you bear with me a bit further 
whilst I strive to convince you that I recite nothing but verities, as you follow me into 
* * * << a l anc l whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass." 

WALTER R. NURSEY. 
Iron Mountain, Mich., Oct. 30, 1891. 




Don' t you think you had better come ? ' 




Miners Engaged in Hand Drilling. 
J. D. Cudlip and H. Shields. 




Shaft, Chapin Mine, 1878. — Old Photo. 



CHAPTER I. 



Tf)e Aenomtnee Rjver Coantnj. 




The Old and tl>e Nev. 



H ROUGH miles of 

contracted courses, leap 

the turbulent waters of the 

W^ Menominee. Leagues of con- 

H^^ fluent liquid highways swell this river's 

f4aiF^?fj J '*V" t ur gid volume. 

WjJt/ft' Starting from the elevated divide which 
separates the balancing flood that seeks 
egress to Lake Superior, the Gulf of 
Mexico or Lake Michigan — the Hemlock 
I river, the Paint, the Brule and the Michi- 
gammie in turn, unitedly pour the turmoil 
of their brown waters into its hungry lap. 
Through fastnesses of pine and hemlock, rock and 
ripple, an arboretum of forest incense, profitably capable 
of agricultural development, where it opens into savannah 
and bottom lands, full of mineral wealth and rich in marketable lumber, this river drains 
with its affluents an area of over 3000 square miles, and at last surrenders its secrets and 
its harvest into the broad bosom of majestic Michigan, three hundred meandering miles 
to the southward. Its waters have a history, and little wonder that the red bucks which 
haunt its trossachs grow fat and sweet as they champ its succulent vegetation. From 
the summit of the water shed on the line of the Marquette and Ontanagon railroad, 1186 
feet above the mouth of the Menominee, steal the streams, that like silver tentacles 
embroider the woods, and discharge their boisterous babble into pine hemmed Mich- 
igamee lake 220 feet below the crest of the divide. This reservoir of many highland 
streams is, however, taxed beyond its capacity and discharges the bulk of its overflow 



18 The Menominee Iron Range. 

into one chief channel, which by devious ways, and receiving much encouragement from 
many wayward brooks in the wilderness, conducts the same named water southward to 
the Brule, when uniting forces, and with joint tributaries, they continue the noisy race 
over one right of way until later as they realize their associated importance, and become 
indiscreetly turbulent, they receive a check by nature, tumble headlong over a granite 
bench, and irretrievably mixed, undergo fresh baptism at the hands of the hydrographer 
and henceforth under the married name of Menominee hurry seaward, finally washing 
the golden beaches, or expending their wedded strength on the resonant cliffs of Lake 
Michigan. 

To get thus far it has had to pass over ledges of titanic granite or through scarped 
gulches less adamantine, bored out by the persistent efforts of accumulated eras. Under 
the sombre shades of forest arches, the home of the predatory wolverine — I refer to the 
animal, not the statesman — by lawns of bright beaver meadow or through treacherous 
muskeg, through a country pregnant with pronounced geological contradictions, which 
disturb the scientist and confound the explorer, its waters wend their obstructed way, 
and after a succession of endeavors through compressed channels, bearing with it its 
song of conquest, it penetrates the rim of the wilderness, drowns all opposing barriers 
in a drench of white foam, and in a series of cataracts, which stand like pillars of 
alabaster carved out of the green thicket, each one of which exceeds its predecessor in 
savage beauty, it reaches its downfall, and rests from endeavor as it tells the story of 
its wonders to the listening slopes of pastoral Green Bay. 

The Menominee Range of to-day, that is the iron producing district which bears its 
name, is practically embraced in the belt of country, which with a varying width of from 
twelve to twenty-five miles, has its southeastern boundary in township 39 north, range 
27 west, and its northwestern boundary at township 43 north, range 35 west. Both of 
these points are in Michigan. Its course, however, runs through a portion of Florence 
county, Wisconsin, south of the rivers Menominee and Brule, which successively form, 
as far as the range is concerned, the dividing line between the two interested states. 
Reference to the map which faces this chapter, will make all matters of local and terri- 
torial geography clear, and give a correct idea of the erratic distribution of its riparian 
features. 

The first mention of the discovery of iron ore in America is credited to Thomas 
Harriott, the geographer of the second expedition to Virginia, in 1585, and the first 
shipment of ore followed twelve years later, when on April 10, 1608, the colony at 
Jamestown despatched a cargo to England from which seventeen tons of iron were 
made and sold to the old East India Company at twenty dollars a ton. Upon the 
attempt of these same civilizers to construct furnaces, or rather works, in 1622, at 
Falling Creek sixty-six miles above Jamestown, members of an opposing cult amongst 
the resident red men there, despatched 347 of their number. In 1844 Michigan 
undertook to disclose the fact that she could emulate the "land of cotton," for that 
year Mr. Burts party of surveyors who were at work in the vicinity of the present town 
site of Negaunee, discovered through the coquetry of their compasses the existence of 
the king of metals, and more than verified the discoveries of Dr. Houghton in 1840, 
who had then declared — his energies however being doubtless all directed towards the 
solution of the copper question — that though hematite ore was abundantly disseminated 



The Menominee Iron Range. 19 

"through all the rocks of the metamorphic group, it did not appear in sufficient 
"quantity at any one point that had been examined to be of practical importance." 
According to Major T. B. Brooks, (Geological survey of Michigan 1873) Mr. W. A. 
Burt, then United States Deputy Surveyor, was engaged in establishing township lines, 
and making geological observations, and on the nineteenth of September while running 
the east line of township 47 north, range 27 west, he observed by means of the solar 
compass "remarkable variations in the direction of the needle, amounting to 87 degrees 
from the normal." Thus was officially established the existence of iron ore in the 
Upper Peninsula. If doubt remained, it was removed two years afterwards, for in 1846 
F. W. Kirtland, E. S. Rockwell, W. H. Munroe, and T. B. Brooks, members of the 
"Jackson Co.," which had purchased a mineral location on Teal Lake at $2.50 per acre, 
returned from the mouth of the Carp river with 300 pounds of ore on their backs, which 
in August of the same year, was converted at the bog ore forge of Mr. Olds at Cocoosh 
prairie into the first bar of iron ever made from Michigan ore. In 1850, Mr. Crawford 
of the Sharon Iron Works at Newcastle, Penn., shipped five tons of ore, which was 
made into blooms and rolled into bar iron at that place. The product was found to be 
excellent. In 1852, seventy tons were taken to Sharon in the same state, and converted 
into pig, but it was not, however, until 1856 out of the 6790 tons produced in the entire 
peninsula, that the first regular shipments of ore commenced, and which amounted 
during that season to about 5000 tons. The superlative quality of Lake Superior ore, 
exacted from thence onward the foremost industrial attention. 

In 1840, Dr. Douglas Houghton, the earliest state geologist, wrote the Hon. A. 
Porter that "ores of zinc, iron and manganese occurred in the vicinity of the south 
"shore of Lake Superior, but doubted whether either of these, unless it were zinc and 
" iron, was in sufficient abundance to prove of importance." It is therefore probable 
to quote Major Brooks, "that up to that date no Indian traditions worthy of credence, 
"in regard to large deposits of iron ore, had come to his knowledge." 

Thus was the first shot fired that announced the peninsula reign of hematite, and 
later urged into a confession of complicity, the adjacent Menominee, which not even the 
prostration of the iron industry through the great panic of 1873 was sufficient to retard. 
Though the maxim which declares that "out of seeming evil is often educed good," may 
be somewhat trite, it is none the less correct, for it was out of the financial troubles of 
1843 of the State of Michigan — the result of the "five million loan" — that the interrupted 
researches of Dr. Houghton, which led to the discoveries as related, were re-instituted 
partly through federal assistance. 

Meanwhile the blue bastions of the Menominee slept, but continued to increase with 
their tears the red furrows which scarred their sides, and which ultimately helped to 
reveal the wonders they for so long had scrupulously concealed. How long had these 
silent hills lain dormant? How long in stern submission to the inexorable command of 
their creator had they mutely bowed with unyielding patience to the divine will? Aye! 
how long! Let us unfold the turned down pages of the book of time and scan for a 
moment the records of the ages. 

Without attempting a comparative anatomy of the first books of the Pentateuch, 
with the calculations and deductions of more profane writers, it is sufficient for our 
purpose to remember that there was a period of remotest antiquity when this sphere was 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



in a state of appalling elementary confusion. The elements were at universal war. 
Earth, air, fire and water struggled for mastery. Columns of opaque steam, and a pall 
of cimmerian smoke, doubtless surrounded the globe which by the possible astronomers 
in the neighboring planets, must have been regarded with dire alarm. This surging sea 
of mud charged with inconceivable gases, became a celestial St. Catherine's wheel, 
whose fiery spouts are still apparent in smothered volcanoes. Now heaving, now 
subsiding, rock and water fought for supremacy, and finally, not without long continued 
strife, compromised matters, by a process of allotment. This heated controversy was 
allowed to cool by mutual consent, though the result was not an equal division of the 
spoils, for whilst terra firtna secured a somewhat divided one-fourth interest in the 




Paper Mill, Lower Quinnesec Falls. 



terrestrial deal, the waters pre-empted the entire remainder, nearly 140,000,000 square 
miles. Neither indeed were these agrarian rights secured at the first, for the mountain 
chains which to-day wrinkle the face of the land, and those other elevated plateaus, 
which give scenic charm to the world's surface, have as a matter of fact been stolen 
from the depths, the outcome of a triple alliance between earth, air and fire, and which 
is evidenced to this day in the assuaging of even the very ocean in places, the upheaval 
of mountains and the formation of islands. This division after all is not so unequal an 
one as it seems to be. A few years since the earth was computed to weigh 5852 trillions 
of tons. The density of the earth is nearly six times that of water. Allowing for wear 
and tear this seems then to fairly balance the property partition. In accordance with this 
post-diluvian agreement, the organic substances composing the earth were permitted 
slowly to mature, though this structural process was of gradual formation. Continents 
emerged from the bosom of the deep, and vegetable and mineral creations succeeded 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



each other during the untold ages which followed. For a while icebergs and glaciers 
traversed the lowlands at their own sweet will, bearing on their brittle laps, specimens 
of geology from older or newer lands, which with no other possible object in view 
than to puzzle the scientist, they permitted to slide at reckless random into the shallow 
seas of ooze, or left basking on the split ramparts of eternal hills a thousand leagues 
away. And so the accumulated sediments of the ocean in turn became the metal-bearing 
rocks of northern Michigan. This was not accomplished, however, without vigorous 
protest, and was doubtless long subsequent to the period, when cycles of years previously 
a vast pond of sullen water submerged this north land, when under the gray light which 
brooded on the deep, mariners of a lost race tried for soundings in the basin of the 
Menominee. 

Of the great geological ages, the mesozoic, which followed the carboniferous era, is 
the period which left a greater legacy of mineral wealth than any other. This was 
followed by the tertiary epoch, remarkable for its development in the animal and vege- 
table world. Gigantic mastodons ranged through forests of timber, not rivalled even by 
the giants of the Yosemite. To this reign of rank abundance, succeeded the nipping 
centuries of the glacial d3'nasty, whose duration no man knows. For untold time the 
earth lay dead, not dormant, under a cerement of ice 5000 feet in depth, which precluded 
the possibility of life of any description. Snow whiter than porphyry mantled the 
universe, and audible silence wrapped the ghost-like mountains. The earth revolved 
and sped through space, a gleaming and gigantic snowball. The longest spell of frost 
on record; no January thaw. Indeed I believe there was no suspicion of a thaw for 
over 2,000 years. Tobogganing was in favor, and snow shoes at a premium. It is the 
earlier zoic period however, in which we are interested, for about that time the iron 
industry as you may say, was first established by the torrents of hot steam, and rivers 
of molten rock, which converted the interior of the earth into furnace and crucible at 
one and the same time. And so these subterranean fires remained banked though in 
full operation; but, boiling over, the forces of this terrible gallipot blew into fragments 
the confining crust, and later created with its upheaval the iron ranges of Superior. 

In the written "Relations" of the Jesuit Fathers, who were the first missionaries 
to spread the evangel of the white man amongst the red skinned pagans of old North 
America, and which writings cover a period extending from the year 1632 to 1672, 
frequent allusion is made to the existence of economic minerals in the region whose 
coast is swept by the tempestuous billows of mighty Lac des Illinois. Indeed the fact 
that copper existed on the pictured coast of south Superior, was published to the outside 
world in 1636 through a book written by La Garde and printed in Paris. In 1640 
Pierre Boucher published at the same capital, a small work on the Lake Superior mines. 
Whilst too much credit, so he writes, and honor cannot be bestowed upon the early 
Jesuit Missionaries for the practical results of their exploits, the discovery of the copper 
region was actually announced in La Garde's book, five years previous to the 
establishment of the Sault Ste Marie mission, which was accomplished by Father 
Raynbault and Jaques in 1641 (Andreas' History). In 1666 Claude Allouez wrote that 
among the savages who frequented the great lakes, pieces of copper twenty pounds in 
weight were frequently found, "and held by them in superstitious awe and esteemed by 
them as domestic gods." In 1668 Jacques Marquette, undaunted as an explorer, and 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



with no equal as an evangelist, exploited these wastes of wilderness, and whilst 
converting the restless Otchipwes from their rude rituals, did not neglect to study the 
riddles presented in the metallurgy of its forest floors. To quote a recent writer, "it 
must not be forgotten that to the unremitting inquisitiveness of this venerable priest, 
the northern portion of the State of Michigan owes the debt due for its primal and 
practical discovery." From Sault Ste Marie about this time, Father Marest, an active 
successor to Hennepin and Le Caron, wrote that "the country was rich as Mexico in 
mines of untold wealth, with, however, no one to work them." In 1672 a map was 
published in Paris by these indefatigable Jesuits, showing with considerable accuracy 
1600 miles of coast line. In 1689 Baron La Houtan in his book of travels described the 
copper mines of the peninsula. In 1721 P. De Charlevoix published similar information. 
In 1765 Captain Jonathan Carver brought the question of mining to both a focus and a 
climacteric. A company was formed in England, and in 1771 commenced operations 
on the banks of the Ontonagon river, under the management of Alexander Henry. 
The enterprise proved unsuccessful, work was discontinued, Mr. Henry declaring his 
reason for abandoning the experiment that "the country would have to be cultivated 
and peopled before its copper could be profitably mined." This same region produced 
2,433,743 short tons of copper ore last year at a cost of $7,478,828. But neither Captain 
Carver nor Mr: Superintendent Henry were the earliest Argonauts, for far away back 
after the building of the original Eiffel tower, known as Babel, Anno — not Domini, 
but — Mundi 1757, the confusion of tongues drove the gossips from Ararat, some of 
whose descendants profiting by the experience of their ancestors during the deluge, set 
their ships courses, faced the mysteries of the unknown western seas, and — in the 
absence of a prohibitive poll tax — established a new Mongolian kingdom on the inviting 
shores of western America. These builders, these tower and mound builders, soon 
became imbued with the spirit of enterprise indigenous to western latitudes. 
Mementos of their industry remain to this day — practical legacies of skill — in the shape 
of the ladders, the levers, the chisels and hammer heads discovered by the early French 
explorers in the open veins of the Michigan copper mines, and in the specimens of free 
copper found within their ancient tumuli, and scattered throughout the entire northwest. 

The temptation is great to follow up the story of the discoveries and varying 
development of the minerals of this wonderful Northland, and place on record the 
civilizing influences handed down to us from our so-called savage precursors. These 
recitals, however, are intended to deal with the living business truths of to-day. It is 
not to what has been done, but rather to what we are doing, and to what — as inheritors 
of the greatest known mining region of the world — we are capable of doing, that the 
attention of the practical student of trade and industry is now directed. 

Whilst you can accept or reject this apocrypha of these early ages, as it best pleases 
you, let me present as an alterative some hard facts, solid as number one blue hematite, 
mined from the surface outcrop of naked truth and hammered into an unbreakable bar 
of actual realities. 

My authority and base of supply for the dates, quantities, values and computations, 
scattered through these pages, exists in the printed or unwritten records of authorized 
enumerators, supervisors, inspectors, the reports of the government, and the computa- 
tions of independent statisticians, economists and well known writers. Let me now 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



23 



relate then the story of to-day, and whilst I beg your merciful criticism of pen and ink 
crudities, and modestly advance my own personal conclusions, I desire to challenge 
refutation of all submitted facts. 

It may interest our southern industrial rivals to know that the first white man in 
old Menominee county was a negro. He reached the river in company with a Canadian 
voyageur previous to 1796, and before the advent of Chappieu, the Indian trader, who 
established an out-post for the American Fur Company, about that time. The idea of 
a colored gentleman being on the stockade, fence, or what you will, irritated the extreme 
sensitiveness of the red skin regulators, who then infested the shore-lands, anyway there 
is a "tumuli" on the banks of the Peshtigo river, called "Nigger's Hill." Whether 
the raising of this mound followed in not unnatural sequence, upon the raising of the 
blackman's wool, I offer no opinion; I merely note the circumstance. Thousands of 
Chippewas congregated hereabouts at that time, and the rivers and woods swarming 
with fur-bearing animals and game, made barter with Chappieu and his followers inter- 
esting. His fort strongly palisaded with heavy timbers to resist Indian attack, still 
existed in the early sixties. 




Residence of Mr. John T. Jones, Iron Mountain. 

This peddler in pelts, this progressive exponent of that branch of commerce first 
instituted by that organization of " gentleman adventurers of England " under the name 
of the old Hudson Bay Company, whose trade ensign bearing its inviting legend Pro pelle 
Cutem, penetrated — and to-day still flies as I can bear personal witness in remote Arctic 
regions — was a representative regenerator. The fort stood on the Wisconsin bank of 
the Menominee. Chappieu mated with a squaw. Some of .his descendants are said to 
be still living about the Peshtigo river in the state named. In 1822 William Farnsworth 
and Charles Brush, a brace of alleged white men appeared upon the scene. The story 
of the survival of the fittest was re-enacted, and Chappieu, after losing his property, made 
a final stand higher up the stream. The new comers appeared to be men of greater parts 
than Chappieu. They spread themselves, and extended their operations. They viewed 
the waving standards of the coniferous forests, and sized up the river's water-power, and 
in 1832 completed the first saw-mill ever built on the Menominee. Its cutting capacity 



24 The Menominee Iron Range. 

was 6,000 to 8,000 feet daily. Mark the contrast of to-day. The same river which then 
floated the few sticks of timber into their primitive mill pond, now annually bears upon 
its bosom past the abandoned dam site, over 500 million feet of sawlogs. In the wake 
of these enterprising civilizers came John G. Kittson, son of a British officer and clerk 
under Chappieu, a stirring man, actively engaged in trading and exercising marked 
influence over the Indians. Mr. Kittson was the first granger in the county, and 
operated two farms on the river, one at Wausaukee Bend, and the other at Chappieu' s 
Rapid. These limits permit but mere mention of the leading names connected with the 
further colonizing of the district. Co-temporary history, such as it is, or anyway such as 
is accessible, relates the pastoral story of the loves of Bartholomew Chevaliere, with the 
daughter of Waubaushesh, a Menominee chief, whose assignations in the bosky coverts 
of primeval glades were later published in material form in the flaxen flecked locks of a 
less brown skinned odalisque, their joint daughter Marinette, who subsequently became 
the wife of John B. Jacobs, and afterwards the faithful spouse of one, William Farnsworth. 
Their seed multiplied as the sand upon the sea shore, and the town of Marinette, Wis., 
the scene of their honeymoon, remains and flourishes in order to perpetuate these facts. 

The majority of the early settlers about this time reached Green Bay from Canada. 
They set sail in their primitive but staunch batteaux, ascending the mighty St. 
Lawrence, whose terraced woodlands smiled on this hegira of hardy explorers. Poling 
and portaging up these tortuous torrents, in the trackless footsteps of the still earlier 
Iroquois voyageurs who had led Frontenac and De Salaberry to fresh fields of pacific 
conquest, this vanguard of colonization fought its way. They crossed Ontario's steel 
blue flood, stemmed the turbid tides of Niagara, portaging above the great fall and the 
Chippewa rapids into ever tempestuous Erie, thence by the Detroit river and Lake 
St. Clair they reached the footstool of Huron's sombre sea, 580 feet above their starting 
point. Undaunted, they breasted its angry waters, and laughing at the chops of the 
Mackinaw channel, left Michillimacinac a purple pyramid on their starboard, and 
challenged the yet more boisterous breakers, which turn to yeast the black expanse of 
restless Michigan, before they sought shelter from tempest and pilgrimage in the less 
menacing harbors of peaceful Green Bay. The voyage occupied several months. Its 
dangers and hardships can be estimated. 

About this time the entire population of the whole Territory of Michigan was only 
some 25,000. The Indians were peaceable and indeed soon commenced to drift into 
even bucolic ways. The river teemed with sturgeon and the bay with whitefish, and 
here at the emptying place of the broad stream, Menominees and Chippewas, with 
tomahawks rusty with peace, speared and netted the glittering fishes. In the gloaming 
of summer evenings their villages were bowers of picturesqueness. Glimpses of salmon 
colored birch bark tepees peeped from the green arbors of hemlock. Countless canoes 
lined the rush grown beach, whilst canopied under the white limbed balm of Gileads, 
and brown boled balsams, scores of bistre shaded wigwams stood out on the edge of 
the forest. Later these woods would echo to the sound of aboriginal merry making. 
Great pillars of bannocks and damper smoked before the many camp fires. Huge 
copper kettles steamed furiously, filled to the full with junks of venison and perhaps pork, 
stewing in the bouillon. The aroma of fragrant tea arose from a host of smaller vessels. 
Piles of pancakes, reeking and pungent with sturgeon oil, stood in greasy columns in 



The Menominee Iron Range. 25 

warm proximity to the heat, whilst crisping in the glowing embers red-fleshed trout, and 
plump whitefish sputtered temptingly. Round and about would flit a squad of busy 
old wives, perfect mistresses of the situation, brought out into bold prominence by the 
lurid glare of forked flames — their bizarre costumes and accentuated features forming a 
study. With wooden spoons they would visit the bubbling cauldrons and stir the surging 
contents, and throw armfuls of sweet scented cedar wood upon the consuming fires. 
Round and about would lounge the ravenous head-men appeasing their cry of 
" duckaytaymin," (we are hungry) with the inevitable pipe, rank with willow weed, 
whilst further apart the young bucks, a blanketed circle, would kill time with Indian 
"monte" or the "game of the bowl," discuss projected barter with the crimson shirted 
voyageurs, or under shadow of the juniper trees arrange for trysts later on with the 
younger women of the tribe, whose native chic, purple black hair, milk-white teeth and 
winning ways, if somewhat wanton, foretold surrender. The Michigan Indian 
womenkind as a rule, are not a delectable lot. When young — very young — before 
exposure, greasy pigments and the consequences of maternity had done their work, 
there were some not altogether unattractive. Their complexions covered a wide range, 
from dead pale olive to dark dingy brown, but it was the combination of the former 
with dusky carmine, that presented any real beauty. Some of these belles at the 
Menominee had large languishing eyes, very tender and lustrous, and which they had 
acquired the art of using to perfection. Their long black hair would be spread upon a 
flat head and low broad brow, and carried behind, would end in a snake-like coil of 
plaits, hanging half way down the back, and whipped about with colored ribbons like a 
mare's tail at a country fair. There was but little grace in the figure, the development 
being too redundant, and not improved by a loose magenta colored bodice. A bright 
parti-colored shawl helped to hide the roundness of shoulders, whilst a skirt, short to 
the knees, would display a pair of broad bead-worked garters, strapped round blue 
cloth leggings, ablaze with the glitter of glass, about the concealment of which no 
anxiety seemed to be betrayed. Full of humor, laughter would follow even the 
implication of a joke, and then the broad and visible expanses of gray brown bosoms 
would set the torques of brass which rested on their surface, in clinking motion, and 
rouse the echoes of the woods. 

From the time of the first Indian Treaty negotiated by Lieut. -Governor St. Clair 
of Upper Canada, in 1781, to the Treaty of Detroit, 1855, various treaties have been 
successfully carried out with the Indians of the upper Peninsula, with cession of territory 
and extinguishment of titles. Mixed marriages, war and pestilence, have planted, 
however, their inevitable check upon the red man's desire to "survive extinction." In 
1812, of warriors alone, there were in the northwest 8,390, besides 33,000 women and 
children. In 1884 there were about 6,900 Indians all told, in all Michigan, 207 of 
whom resided in the county of Menominee. This is the dark side of the medal 
representing the savage and uncivilized era; what does the reverse show? In 1810 the 
white population of all Michigan was but 4528. In 1890 it was 2,089,792. It has 
increased at the rate of about 28 per cent, in the last decade. To-day in Menominee 
County alone, previous to its partition into Dickinson County — of which more hereafter — 
it stands at 33,939 souls. These figures present an interesting text for the ethnologist, 
and a wonderful commentary on the civilizing efforts of the earliest settlers, and the 



2b 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



industrial trade which followed the planting of the flag. The entire Indian population 
of the whole country including Alaska, barely exceeds 300,000 at the present time. 

Andrew Gosland, John Quimby, Baptiste Premeau, Moses Hardwick and others 
also imparted vigor into the early history of the district, and prepared the way for the 
more material men of might, who with the pacific outfit of modern equipments, ere long 
attacked the pine clad buttresses of the Menominee, and whilst the air became filled with 
the music of the woodman's axe and the song of flying chips, the monarchs of the forest 
bowed their tufted heads, and through the long avenues thus opened, the light of 
knowledge penetrated; a gathering flood of commercial sunshine invaded the valleys and 
ascended the slopes, later to reveal the mysteries and unspeakable riches of Michigan's 
irondom. 

The most important factors at this time, in 1856, and in this direction, were the 
lumbering companies organized and the mills operated by the Fowlers and Hosmers, the 
Wells Bros., Jesse Spalding and H. H. Porter, the two last named incorporating their 




A Log Jam on the Paint River. 

venture in 1872 under the name of the Menominee River Lumber Co. The same year, 
the great Ludington combination also erected their first mill at Mission Point at 
Marinette. Nelson Ludington of Chicago, Harrison Ludington, afterwards Governor of 
Wisconsin, and Daniel Wells of Milwaukee, and subsequently, in 1858, Isaac Stephenson, 
being the chief promoters. In 1863, this corporation, or rather certain members of it, 
reorganized, Mr. Van Schaick securing an interest. With some changes in their personel 
all of these last named companies still remain kings of the industry. The members of 
the old Kirby-Carpenter company also organized in 1856, and still retain their rank 
amongst the leaders of the lumber barons of the continent. About this time the number 
of saw mills in all Michigan was placed at sixty-one, with an annual product of 
108,000,000 feet. Ninety per cent, of this, however, was cut in the Saginaw District. 
The value of the cut in 1879 had increased to $60,000,000, whilst the amount sawed had 
reached 3,100,000,000 feet. Ten years later the lumber cut of Michigan had swelled to 
4,207,741,224 feet, exclusive of 2,469,878,750 shingles. Of this the Menominee River 
District furnished 533,968,172 feet of lumber and 195,767,000 shingles. Truly the 
banner range of the Upper Peninsula is pregnant with vast trade possibilities! 



The Menominee Iron Range. 27 

In 1863, but twenty-six short years after the admission of the state, the old county 
of Menominee was organized. The men at this time, who were foremost in securing 
the necessary legislation, and who were closely identified with its creation, were 
E. S. Ingalls, who engineered the passage of the act of organization; John Quimby, 
Salmon P. Saxton, J. R. Brooks, S. M. Stephenson, and James S. Pendall, the then 
district member. The Hon. Daniel Goodwin was the first judge of this, the eleventh 
judicial circuit. From the date of the consummation of this important event, the 
development of the range lands proceeded with startling leaps of progress. 

The Menominee, however, had yet to receive its baptism of adversity, and it 
arrived on the wings of the October wind in 1871. During that summer the dog days 
had come and departed with sirocco-like gales. For five burning months no drop of 
rain had fallen; valley and height lay pulsating under the unbroken scorch of sunbeams. 
The streams all but ran dry. The swamps became like so much sponge. Water was 
with difficulty obtained. The dead leaves in the forest were literal tinder; the fallen 
branches were the match-wood. No such "spell" had been experienced for years. 
The peninsula panted. On the evening of October 8th, the fires which had been 
smouldering for some little time, but which had occasioned no particular uneasiness, 
were suddenly fanned into fury by a wild wind which developed into a tornado. From 
Oconto, Wisconsin, the flames were driven towards Peshtigo, a swath of fire twelve 
miles in width, consuming everything in its path. Smoking ruins and the charred 
remains of human beings and animals alone being left as mute witnesses of once pros- 
perous homesteads. Peshtigo was reached at eight o'clock; one short hour later the 
village was in ashes. Hundreds of men, women and children were lost in this holocaust. 
At nine o'clock it was a gray waste, a very cemetery of cremation. Half an hour later, 
the banks of the Menominee were swept. The village of Menekaunee went up in fire; 
the intruder leapt the river and reduced Gilmore's mill to first principles. A mile north 
of the town the river was again crossed, and another 160 square miles of partial civili- 
zation was burned. Hospitals were erected, search parties organized, and the dying and 
the dead recovered and removed. Of the terrors and the anguish of that night, the 
harrowing details are best left unwritten. The sum of the calamity may be understood 
when the following fact is realized. Within four hours the fires swept over an area of 
nearly 400 square miles, and over 1,200 persons perished in the flames. 

The law of compensation is an universal one. Crushing disasters, whether personal, 
local, or national in their effect, are invariably succeeded by a corresponding measure of 
prosperit)'. An all-wise creator, in imposing misfortunes, seldom refrains from equalizing 
the trouble, by subsequent and equivalent blessings. If the region I write of — I speak 
not of the human sacrifice — had been compelled to surrender at loss the value of its 
forests, was not the divulgement of its mineral wealth, which occurred about this time, 
a beneficent trade compensation. Hitherto divine command had denied access to the 
master-key of Menominee's greatness. The sesame, which for so long had remained 
unspoken, was at last pronounced, and with the advent of the '70's, the bolts com- 
menced to be withdrawn which were to disclose the vast vaults that contained the true 
ferruginous treasury of the western world. 



CHAPTER II. 



Tl)e Menominee Iron Range. 



Discovery and Development. 

The mountain solitudes of the Menominee, as has ahead)' been related, had up to 
the year 1870, been disturbed only by the raids of the pine cruiser, the canzonet of the 
half-breed batteaux man, and the metallic clip of the woodman's axe, and the further 
western exploiting of these rude spirits had been barred solely by the cataracts created 
by the precipices at Bequinnesec. 

Speculation without being rife, had yet existed in a passive form in the minds of the 
more thoughtful of the older settlers, as to the not improbable possibility, of the existence 
of ore deposits similar to those discovered, and already worked to intermittent advantage 
in the county of Marquette. So far back as 1866, Indians had poured into the wondering 
ear of Father Bourion stories of the great fields of iron, that flanked the river only three 
to four days journey from its mouth, and these travellers' tales had in turn been 
whispered into the more practically alert ears of Edward Breitung, then a general 
merchant in the village of Negaunee. On the Superior slope up to 1864 the Jackson, 
Cleveland and Lake Superior were the only mines in operation, and they with the 
exception of the Jackson, whose history has already been sketched, had been producing 
with varying degrees of success ever since 1854, with no new discoveries having been 
made, and these, according to Father Bourion, had been worked chiefly in the most 
primitive way "in open pits, where only few men could labor with advantage, and only in 
daytime." These mines " had worked scarcely six years, when captains and miners 
claimed that they were nearly exhausted, and the few discouraged settlers were getting 
ready to abandon the ungrateful field which did not promise anything but starvation." 
These discouraging reports were not believed by all, for as my friend Pere Bourion 
asserts, "there were those amongst the most intelligent part of the community, who 
could not but realize, that in the course of time, new mines would be discovered." 

Foremost among the limited few who shared in this belief, was the Hon. Edward 
Breitung, who — whilst the owners of the existing mines not only refrained from further 
explorations, but seemed apathetic about the further development of their properties — 
was unremittingly active in his investigations, always having at hand a band of well- 
equipped explorers available for the field at any moment. Stirred by the reports of the 
redmen, priest and trader studied the map of Michigan, and judging from the meagre 
information furnished, if true, concluded that the deposits were located in range 29 or 30, 
townships 40 or 41. Subsequent discoveries proved the correctness of these surmises. 



3° 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



At this time, however, all of Mr. Breitung's energies were concentrated on the 
development of the old Washington (the present Humbolt) mine, and in exploring the 
spot on which the great Republic now stands. 

In 1866, Thomas and Bartley Breen, of the town of Menominee, located a "mine " 
bearing their surname, on section 22, township 39, range 28. No further explorations 
however were proceeded with until 1870, when the fee of the property, consisting of 
three "forties," having passed into the hands of the discoverers and Judge Ingalls and 
S. P. Saxton, the latter commenced the first active mining operations recorded in the 
region by sinking several test pits and cutting two long trenches across the formation. 
This deposit outcropped adjacent to the present railway station at Waucedah. 

A lull in operations in 1870 permitted revived attention to be directed Menominee- 
wards and John N. Armstrong, an old woodsman and explorer, was sent to prospect 
upon the new range, and examine and take up lands for Mr. Breitung. Acting upon the 



information thus ac- 
secured part of sec- 
range 29. At about 
Curry, anothei ex- 
river and instituted a 
suspected mineral, 
ers it was learned — 
Whitehead, one of 
on the range — "that 
ore was in place but 
ever likely to come 
Active operations, 
in abeyance. The 
was purely tentative 
itive, and it was not 
specimens of the ore 
of the Hon. Harrison 




Dr. Nelson P. Hulst. 



quired, Mr. Breitung 
tion 10, township 39, 
the same time S. D. 
plorer, ascended the 
similar search for the 
From these adventur- 
so writes Mr. Lew 
the earliest settlers 
a banded ferruginous 
that little good was 
of it." 

however, yet remained 
work of Mr. Saxton 
and completely prim- 
until 1872, when some 
had reached the hands 
Ludington, then Gov- 



ernor of Wisconsin, and had by him been brought to Milwaukee for purposes of 
analysis, and submitted to Dr. Nelson P. Hulst, chemist for the Milwaukee Iron 
Company, that the business attention of representative iron men was drawn to the mineral 
resources of the range. The result of this examination proving beyond question the 
high quality of the product as tested, the company decided to proceed with the thorough 
exploration of the country, and to this end the services of Dr. Hulst — who was vested 
with plenipotentiary powers — were secured. So with proper regard for the eternal 
fitness of things, the expert who had put to crucial test the latent virtues of the specimens 
as submitted, was further entrusted with the responsibility of determining the commercial 
value of the alleged ore beds of the new Menominee. In explanation of the doctor's 
peculiar qualifications, it might be mentioned that he was a graduate of Yale, and of the 
class of 1870 of the Scientific School of Mining Engineers. 

In pursuance of this far-sighted policy on the part of the Milwaukee Iron Company, 
Mr. Hulst departed for the wilderness in the month of June of the same year, acting 
under the instructions of Mr. J. J. Hagerman, and Mr. J. H. Van Dyke of Milwaukee, 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



3i 



the chief promoters of the corporation named. He visited the Breen location and other 
points, and returned to headquarters fully satisfied with the results of his investigations. 
He organized a working party, and in the following October re-visited the same objective 
point with a force of seventy men, sank test pits on the Waucedah property and else- 
where, and worked west and north to Felch Mountain, prospecting and exploring as he 
went, and building supply roads into otherwise inaccessible places. During this period 
he discovered the Vulcan mines, where the typical blue soft hematite, which charac- 
terizes the product of the range, was found in abundance, and was thus employed in 
interpreting the hieroglyphics of these dull escarpments, until 1873, when the memorable 
financial panic descended like a bolt out of a clear sky, burked further speculations, and 
left everything at a standstill until 1876. At this time every pine cruiser was a mineral 
expert — in his mind — though not one in twenty could tell "trap rock" from "iron ore." 
As a matter of fact, however, with the exception of Dr. Hulst, Mr. Buell and Mr. 




Vulcan Hotel. 

Raphael Pumpelli, there were but one or two other scienced explorers on the entire 
range. Reports as to its extraordinary mineral wealth soon came to be circulated, as a 
consequence of these observations of professional and amateur mineralogists, and the 
attention of the outside world of iron was soon riveted on the rufous rocks, which, 
geographically speaking, trended west by north from isolated Waucedah. 

In these first days of exploration no one played a more important — if less prominent 
— part than did Mr. Lewis Whitehead, engaged by Dr. Hulst as chief of a party of 
explorers, and who left Negaunee on the 18th of September, 1872, for the scene of 
development. In the back parlor of the old fashioned Vulcan Hotel, the first rest house 
on the range, and a very haven of ease for the weary exploiter — a sketch of which is here 
dedicated to all old-timers, and submitted as a memento of early days — Mr. Whitehead 
related to the writer, a few weeks since, the tale of his experiences. 

Mr. Whitehead's Story. 
"To begin operations," said my host, "I hired twelve men at Negaunee and took 
them by tug boat from Escanaba to Menominee, thence by road up the river for sixty 
miles, to the property then known as the Breen mine. We arrived there September 23d, 



3- 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



and found a camp already prepared, large enough to accommodate twenty men. Of the 
few pits sunk at that time one was in brown hematite. On November ist, we ceased 
our explorations for a time, leaving a showing of brown hematite one hundred feet 
wide north and south, although the pits exposed jasper and quartz mixed, along the belt 
for three-fourths of a mile. At this time the right of way for the branch line of the 
Chicago & Northwestern railway had been cut out two-thirds of the way from Powers 
on the main line of the Peninsula division to the Breen, and camps constructed, but the 
work was discontinued and the camps were burned the following summer. 

In 1872, Dr. N. P. Hulst and Dr. Credner — the latter of whom originally visited 
the district in 1867 — had camped on section 10, township 39, range 29, and had done 
some test pitting, which resulted in one of the pits between sections 9 and 10, showing 
blue hematite. On October 15th, I marked a tree near the present Vulcan depot, and 
began the erection of camps for forty men. At the same time a supply road was cut to 
the Breen mine, over which the men were brought to Breitung, as the camp was then 



called. A road was also 
Sturgeon river, the New 
to my surprise I found 
to the Menominee River 
who was in charge, had his 
Across the river in Wis- 
had commenced a clearing, 
woman, and was engaged 
now brought direct from 
and an extensive explora- 
along the range. Portions 
township 39, range 29, were 
drifts. In mining, the old 
with black powder, was 
shores of Green Bay. Gly- 
was little used at that time, 





Mr. Lew Whitehead. 



cut to the mouth of the 
York farm of to-day where 
a logging camp belonging 
Lumber Co. Mr. Rice, 
wife and family with him. 
consin, Mr. Pat Mullins 
He had married an Indian 
in trading. Supplies were 
Menominee to Breitung, 
tion for ore could be begun 
of sections 6, 9, 10 and 11, 
explored by pits, shafts and 
"J clay bar used for wet holes, 
hauled by team from the 
cerine in its liquid state 



and Giant powder was not 
well known. The pits and trenches near the line of sections 9 and 10, soon showed a 
blue ore 57 feet deep, 70 feet wide and 155 feet in length, which was estimated at about 
one-third rock, or 41,230 tons of ore in sight. This deposit was afterwards called the 
Vulcan. Our supplies at this time, together with the mail and the doctor, came from 
the mouth of the Menominee River. Seven days were allowed the teams to make the 
round trip. On January ist, 1873, our buildings consisted of a dining camp, sleeping 
shanty, smith shop, supply shed, and a ten by twelve foot office, built of logs and 
situated in the midst of dense forest and swamp, from which issued swarms of torment- 
ing flies. The camp was covered with "shakes" — cedar slabs four feet long, and as 
wide as the cut would permit — and caulked with moss. The Indians supplied us with 
plenty of venison and the wolves with music. In March of 1873, a saw mill was erected 
with a four-foot circular and a capacity of 10,000 feet per day, and here was cut the 
lumber used in the first frame structure built upon the range. This building was used 
as a store and office. The mill sawed in all about 100,000 feet. This same month 
trains were running between Menominee and Escanaba. " 



The Menominee Iron Range. 33 

At this time Mr. Whitehead brought his wife and family to share his fortunes in 
the wilderness, making Mrs. Whitehead and Mrs. Rice, who was settled at the mouth 
of the Sturgeon river, the two pioneer white women of the iron range. 

Continuing, said Mr. Whitehead, "The summer of 1873 was spent on many 
sections of the range. Groups of men in parties of from five to ten were sent out. 
Mr. Clark Roland was foreman at Section 10, while Mr. Daniel Bundy was assistant 
explorer, and divided his time either with Dr. Hulst or myself in running section lines, 
taking topography, or locating camps. In the same year a wagon road was surveyed 
and cut out to Felch Mountain, section 22, township 42, range 28, now known as 
Metropolitan. This road was called the Iron Road. Its length from Vulcan to Metro- 
politan was 23 miles, and its cost to the Milwaukee Iron Co. was $1,300. Camps were 
put in, and in the fall of 1873, a shipping ore was found. Iron Mountain or the Ludington 
Mine property was tested by Dr. Hulst the early part of this winter, but a banded ore 
only was found. (It might be well to state for the information of the unlearned, that 
by a "banded ore " Mr. Whitehead referred to a formation of jasper-rock and iron-ore, 
resting upon each other in layers like a sandwich.) At the same time Mr. Dickey's 
homestead, west of Quinnesec, and the Curry mine property, were explored for ore by 
Dr. Hulst. We found, however, but three points showing a shipping ore, the Breen, 
West Vulcan and Metropolitan, by which names they are still known to this day. 
In March of 1874, our party was disbanded and driven from the range by the "panic" 
then raging. 

Besides our own work in 1873, Mr. John L. Buell had also been doing some on the 
Quinnesec property and had actually carted some ore to Menominee, and this was the 
third great step towards opening up the Iron Range. 

The first step was by the Breen Boys; the second by the explorers under Dr. Hulst, 
for the Milwaukee Iron Co. ; the third by the shipment of ore by Mr. Buell. 

On October 8th I was sent by the company to test Mr. Buell's working at the 
Quinnesec. Deepened the shaft to 35 feet, and then drifted north 39 feet, all through 
shipping ore. On January 4, 1875, we broke camp, and the wilderness of the Menominee 
Iron Range was abandoned until 1877." 

Let us leave Mr. Whitehead and his interesting reminiscences for a while, and 
follow up the operations of Mr. Buell. Dr. Hulst' s initial explorations and discoveries 
have already been related. If you are interested in a man's work, it is better to give you 
an insight into his physical and mental capabilities, for it adds to your interest in his 
exploits. You are fairly familiar by this time with N. P. Hulst and L. Whitehead, let 
me — though I am not a dealer in biographies — introduce you to John L. Buell. 

Mr. Buell is an Indiana man by nativity. He is facile princeps a representative range 
man, and a born explorer. He drove the first wagon and jerk-line team that ever pulled 
out of Leavenworth, Kansas, over the intervening 800 miles of broken trail for Pike's 
Peak, and steered in those early days a "four yoke of cattle" outfit up the Arkansaw. 
He possesses high scholarly attainments, can rebuke a wayward miner in other than his 
mother tongue, or hold an educated audience with his oratory. He was a member of 
the House of Representatives in the legislature of 1873-4, at Lansing, Mich., for the 
united counties of Mackinaw, Schoolcraft, Delta and Menominee. 



34 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



On the 20th of May, 1873, Mr. Buell commenced his first practical explorations on 
the range, on the southeast quarter of section 34, township 40, range 30, the present 
site of the original Quinnesec mine. On the 2d day of August, same year, ore was 
struck by a line of test pits, on a formation running from south to north. In the winter 
and spring of 1873-4, tne fi rst consignment of ore mined on the range was taken by 
Mr. Buell by sleigh and wagon to Menominee, about seventy miles in all, forty miles of 
which was over the state road. Fifty-three tons was thus transported, the analysis 
showing 66.07 metallic iron, .013 in phosphorus, and 4 in silica. This product was 
smelted by the Menominee Furnace Co. Mr. Buell had an interest in the property, by 
right of agricultural scrip entry in I864, which was now leased to the Milwaukee Iron 
Company. By the failure of this company, however, and by the death of Capt. Ward 
further operations were delayed for the next two years. Meanwhile, Dr. Hulst, the 
veteran explorer who in 1872 had cached his outfit and returned to Milwaukee, was in 
1873 working like a beaver in the footsteps of Major Brooks, State Geologist, on 

section 6, township 39, 1 . range 29 between the 

Quinnesec and the Vul- can, and in 1874 was 

exploring in the neighbor- ,%^ hood of the Republic mine 

in the Marquette Range. A During the fall of 1872, 

the Chicago & Northwest- ^ .^fig ern Railway Co., wisely 

apprehending that the ^ J outlook for an immense 

ore production was more 0% than promising, deflected 

the road they were build- ,^^L\1 ing from Mar ' nette t0 

Escanab? to accommo- ^^fif^^^^^fe. date the new ' ron fielcls - 

Six miles of right-of-way a vl ifbSt^A was cut from Powers west- 

ward toward the Breen I ^wK^fl. mine with a view to the 

immediate construction of * '/Jrf a branch road. In the fall 

of 1873, as the iron inter- ' ests in common with the 

commerce of the country were suffering with the 

then universal depression, — ' explorations and railway 

operations were alike dis- Hon. Jno. L. Buell. continued. I will take 

advantage of this season of enforced rest to submit for the guidance of those who are 
interested, in the past, present and future, of this leading iron bank of the world, an 
outline sketch of its chief physical features. 

According to Dr. Rominger in his report to the State Board of Geological Survey, 
1871 (Paloeozoic Rocks) the upper peninsula of Michigan comprises an area of about 
16,000 square miles, exclusive of islands amounting to 300 square miles additional. On 
the north it is bounded by Lake Superior, to the south by Lakes Huron and Michigan, 
the east end by the river St. Mary. The southwestern line between it and Wisconsin is 
given by the bed of the Menominee River, flowing into Green Bay, Lake Michigan, and 
by the Montreal River emptying into Lake Superior, which bounds its remaining western 
portion. The land so defined lies between the 45th and 49th degrees of northern latitude, 
and 83° 45' and 90 93' of longitude west of Greenwich. An air line drawn from the 
mouth of the Menominee River to the mouth of the Montreal River, is about 175 miles 
long; from the mouth of Montreal River to the north end of Keewenaw point, a similar 
line measures 150 miles; and a line drawn from Marquette to the mouth of the Menominee 
River amounts to about 100 miles. These three lines inclose the iron and copper districts. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 35 

Major T. B. Brooks, State Geologist, in his report on the Iron Bearing Rocks of 
the Upper Peninsula, 1873, describes their conformation as follows: "These Iron 
Bearing Rocks, corresponding it is assumed with the Huronian system of Canada, consist 
of a series of extensively folded beds of diorite, quartzite, chloritic schists, clay and mica 
slates, and graphic shales, among which are intercalated, extensive beds of several 
varieties of iron ore. The same rocks occur on the east and north shores of Lake 
Superior, where they also contain iron. The Huronian area equals about i,gg2 square 
miles, or nearly one-eighth of the whole area of the Upper Peninsula." 

Besides, the strip of country already referred to in a previous chapter, as embracing 
the "range proper," the Menominee ore region contains — extending from the point of 
beginning to where it crosses the river of its name to the west in township 40, range 
31 — five districts or group of mines, now known as the Felch Mountain, the Florence, 
the Crystal Falls, the Iron River and the Hemlock (township 44, range 33), some 60,000 
acres in all. Of these lands it is hardly possible to acquire any by purchase. The 
usual practice now, is to permit exploration, subject to "option," which gives the right 
to erect camps, use timber, and sink shafts and test-pits, wherever desired, conditionally 
upon the employment of a given number of men, with option of lease after a certain 
amount of ore has been developed. This lease carries the tax of a royalty, of from 25 
to 50 cents per ton, according to the degree of excellence, of all ore mined, with the 
proviso that the lessee shall pay royalty on 10,000 ton of ore per annum, whether the 
amount is mined or not. The woods are full of explorers and an immense sum is 
annually paid out on explorations, the results of which are usually kept a profound secret. 
The ores of the range are nearly all hematite, varying much in appearance and grade, 
ranging — to quote Mine Inspector J. B. Knight — " from the softest blue ore of Bessemer 
grade to a hard ore, having almost the aspect of a specular, and containing a high 
percentage of phosphorus. As might be expected from an ore formation, varying so 
much in width and subject to so many changes of topography, the trends of the ore 
bodies are far from uniform. It is, however, conceded that the range is bounded on the 
south by the Huronian granite and on the north and east by the Laurentian rocks. North 
of the Laurentian rocks, and west, may be found the Huronian rocks. The trend of 
the ore beds is not uniform, neither is their dip or pitch. For instance, that of the 
Chapin at Iron Mountain being to the north at about 75 degrees, and that of the West 
Vulcan to the south at 70 degrees, whilst at some of the more shallow mines the question 
of ultimate dip is yet undecided, because of the rolling tendencies of the ore bodies." 

It is a difficult matter, I know, to inspire enthusiasm amongst non-scientific persons, 
for a subject necessarily so dry a one as this, and sooner than jeopardize the feeble grip 
that I may have upon the man who may have been tempted to glance at these typo- 
graphically pretty pages of antique primer, I have adhered to an original resolve not to 
kill him right off with a string of " ologies and zoics." Whilst anxious to keep you "in 
touch" with the subject in hand, I can measurably sympathize with the average man's 
quite forgivable distaste for the jaw breaking lingo of science. Indeed, I am largely of 
the same way of thinking myself, for as a matter of fact I am somewhat in the same 
position as La Fontaine, who, in presenting his compilations to the public called it a 
" nosegay of culled flowers, with nothing of his own but the string that tied them." 

Our positions in this respect are identical, save with one important exception, for 



36 The Menominee Iron Range. 

whilst he offered "fables," I present "facts." If then you will but bear with me, whilst 
I fire at you some of these hard, uncompromising facts necessary to an intelligent under- 
standing of the wonders of inviting Menominee, I will promise you a more tempting 
programme of " unequalled attractions " later on. 

Mr. Charles D. Lawton, State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for Michigan, and 
an indisputable authority, thus refers in his last annual report to this same range of 
metalliferous mountains: 

The general trend of the formations of the iron districts is east and west, but locally there is great 
modification, as in the region of the Michigamme, Hemlock and Paint River, etc., the trend is north and 
south, or northwest and southeast. It is so also, east of Crystal Falls at the Hollister mine and south at 
the Dunn, Mastodon, etc. At the Vulcan, Norway, Chapin, Florence, etc., the trend is east and west. 
The general dip of the formation is to the north, but of course this is locally modified by the folding of the 
formation. A matter that has not been clearly made out yet, is the fact that in the east end of the 
Menominee Range, to the west beyond Keel Ridge, the dip is to the south, and a very prominent bluff of 
limestone forms the footwall of the ore, that is, the ore is above it. At Iron Mountain, however, at the 
Chapin, Ludington, etc., mines, the dip of the formation is to the north and the limestone is in the hanging 
wall of the ore. There is no change in the rocks. The slates and limestone are identical ; the dip is 
reversed. The rocks in which the ore occurs, both at Iron Mountain and further east at the Vulcan, is a 
soft, friable, black argillite that crumbles and disintegrates on exposure, and which, low in the mine, has 
no sustaining power. The drifts, whether in foot or hanging wall, crumble and crush down so as to soon 
become impassable. Further west, at Crystal Falls, the jasper ferruginous schists in which the ore is found, 
are firm and generally make a good roof to the mine. In the mines about Crystal Falls one sees large 
rooms where the ore has been removed. 

Mr. J. T. Jones, Superintendent of the Hamilton Ore Company, and who has made 
a study of the subject, is of the opinion that " the formation at Iron Mountain is the 
"south branch of the fold, which dips north, and comes up with a southerly dip north 
"of Lake Antoine, where the lime stone, etc., appear dipping south." 

Mr. D. C. Davies, the well known expert, in his treatise on "Minerals and Mining" (1889), in 
describing the iron ore of Michigan, refers to the deposits as " occurring in a vast succession of thin beds 
in slaty and hornblendic rocks. These ferruginous slates stand out as successive cliffs of from 50 to 150 
feet high, and really seem mountains of iron ore. The belt extends a length of about 150 miles. The 
highly ferruginous deposits are not continuous over the whole of this length, but occur at intervals in areas, 
extending from a few hundred yards to over a mile long. The deposits consist of peroxide of iron, mixed 
with silicious matter. They occur as thin alternating beds, the iron at times consolidating and forming 
beds of great thickness. These beds are traversed by joints that cut the ore into square blocks. 

In one mine the deposit shows the varieties of structure enumerated, having in the center the laminated 
structure, and passing on each side, into compact ore of great purity. In its purest state the ore is a com- 
pact specular ore, having profusely disseminated through it crystals of magnetic oxide. Some of the 
deposits are made up of thin bands, not exceeding a quarter of an inch in thickness, of pure fine-grained 
peroxide of iron, and jaspery ore. On one location the deposit is 1,000 feet thick and one mile in length, 
and the supply of iron ore here alone is sufficient, it is said, for the wants of the world for ages! The 
average percentage of iron is from 60 to 70, and the ore contains hardly a trace of sulphur, phosphorous 
or titanic acid." 

The iron ores of Norway and Sweden are popularly supposed to be the purest in 
the world. Analyses made from 28 districts, however, show ores ranging from 30 to 71 
per cent, of iron, the working average being 50 per cent, only; and though low as a rule 
in phosphorous, reaching in the case of the celebrated Danemora mines 1.62 as a 
maximum, they suffer, as indeed do all the ores of the world when placed in comparison 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



37 



with those of the Menominee. If phosphorous exists to a greater degree than one-tenth 
of one per cent., iron ore is not up to Bessemer standard, and it is for this most practically 
cogent of all reasons that Michigan ores outrank the ores of Alabama and Virginia, and 
in truth the ores of all southern states. It is a very great rarity in the south to find ore 
which will grade as Bessemer. 

The topograph}' of these iron-bearing cliffs of Huronian formation, is in itself of 
course a key to the prospector in his researches, as the surface features of the earth are 
as an open dictionary to one who would read the concealed testimony of the rocks 
beneath, and an explorer would, on general principles, be regarded as an ass if he wasted 
his time searching for iron among the silurian sandstones. 




Trout Fishing 

On the Brule River. 



"The greater simplicity in the geological structure of the Menominee Range," says 
Major Brooks, " as compared with the topography of the Marquette and Gogebic ranges 
is demonstrated in a correspondingly less varied surface. Obeying the influence of 
the great rock beds beneath, the elevations have a tolerably uniform east-west trend 
and consequent parallelism. The south iron range of which the Breen mine is the 
■east end as far as known, can be traced through a greater part of its course by a ridge 
often bold. The capping of horizontal sandstones which characterizes these hills, 
gives a somewhat more even character to the crest line, and in places produces a 
strikingly different profile." 

Now I could fill a ten-volume encyclopedia, with facts of burning commercial interest 
relative to the wondrous revelations which a thorough study of these precious mountains 
has revealed. I could quote you authorities by the score, the printed positive deductions 
of other leading scientists as to the transcendent richness of the belt of crude steel which 



38 The Menominee Iron Range. 

zones these table lands of the north. An inland gulf stream of minerals, that within the 
black depths of its chrystalized flood, bears a fruit of the earth to which — industrially 
speaking — even gold is but refuse, and silver dross. But neither you nor I have the 
time, neither does the necessity exist to verify truth. The authorities I have quoted are 
unimpeachable. An enquiring world can accept them in their entirety. If they have 
any fault it rests in the fact that in them, like Sam Weller's correspondence, the salient 
points are not brought out " strong enough." 

However, the gauntlet such as it is, is thrown down. Menominee, physically 
paramount, industrially unapproachable, challenges the world. Where are the kings of 
capital and princes of labor, who will pry open the bars of the visor of its iron mask? 

Those who swelter under the burning shadows of the southern cross are asked to 
remember that the very firmament itself — embodiment of unalterable principles — has 
hung a magnetic fixed star in these nebulous wastes of northern skydom, which with 
unswerving fidelity to its trust, has for the long centuries since the creation been 
beckoning the iron master, and guiding the explorer to its metallic footstool — the swart 
ranges of the Menominee — over whose red fields of buried treasure, it hangs, an 
undimmed harbinger of hope. 

* * * * * * # * 

Now, besides the veterans referred to, there were other mineral missionaries in the 
field, for on May 10, 1871, "a man from Menasha," Wisconsin, reached the ranges. 
He had passed five lustrums of years in exploratory pursuits, and was steeped in prac- 
tical mineralogy. Specimens of iron ore had been brought to the land office of his town 
by timber-men, and he started out to verify their statement, that they had "picked them 
off the ledges. ' ' 

Township 40, range 18, on the Wisconsin side of the Menominee, was scoured by 
ore hunters, and on the 23d of October, 1873, whilst idly striking the ground with a 
pick, Mr. H. D. Fisher discovered what is now known as the celebrated Florence Mine, 
on the north y 2 of southeast % 0I section 20. A little "stripping" was promptly done, 
rare indications were developed and five days afterwards the lucky explorer returned to 
Menasha, and deposited sufficient cash at the land office, to effect the purchase of "six 
forties" of government "wild realty" at $1.25 an acre. For six years, however, but 
little development followed, absence of shipping facilities forbade any great outlay, and 
up to 1879, #1,676 only had been paid out on work and material. With that year, how- 
ever, came trade salvation, in the shape of Messrs. Van Dyke and Hagerman — the 
badger and the wolverine, industry and courage — who purchased a three-fourths interest, 
prosecuted development, arranged for railway extension, and in delicate acknowledgment 
of Dr. Hulst's " good works, " called the new venture " Florence," in honor of a promi- 
nent member of the explorer's family. The fall of the following year, 14,000 tons of 
ore were shipped by rail to Escanaba. The iron stone panned out 60 per cent, of metal 
and carried from 150 to .0200 of phosphorous. A first class non-Bessemer ore. I 
would add that it cost #1.25 per ton by railway to Bay de Noc, staggered under a 60 ct. 
per ton royalty, and sold for six dollars on arrival at Cleveland. I must, however, hark 
back if I have any regard for synchronism. 

In 1877 the Menominee Mining Co., which had purchased the leases of the 
Milwaukee Iron Co., and of which new company Dr. Hulst was a member, renewed 



The Menominee Iron Range. 39 



operations at the Vulcan, which had been interrupted by the causes previously written 
of. The doctor was again in harness, and in evidence of his realism, may be recorded 
here, the discovery of the celebrated Chapin mine at Iron Mountain, where in 1878 the 
first shaft was sunk — a continuation of a test pit — when at a depth of between 60 and 70 
feet ore was first disclosed. In 1880 the first shipments of ore from this bonanza 
amounted to 34,556 tons. In 1890 these shipments had increased to 742,843 long tons, 
and as yet they have not even penetrated the rind. 

From now on the movements of expert geologists were watched, and every man 
capable of striking a hammer or wielding a pick became a prospector, and new "chums" 
whose names are now household words, and whose every mention is synonymous with 
the Menominee, appeared upon the scene in pursuit of the almighty dollar. Meanwhile 
our friend at the Vulcan hotel was humming along, hoeing his row, to the satisfaction of 
his employers and presumably of himself. 

"You see, partner," said Mr. Whitehead, picking up the thread of the dropped 
warp, "in March, 1877, the Menominee Mining Co. engaged me to overlook their opera- 
tions. The Menominee River Railway was again under construction, and ' getting in 
its work,' for a gravel train at Waucedah, on the 10th of July killed its first man." In 
the mines open work was proceeded with. On the 2d of September, 1877, a shipment 
of 25 carloads was made from the Breen Mine, of which Gerome Schwartz — Mr. Schwartz 
is now president of the village Board of Crystal Falls — was captain. The old Breitung, 
now the Vulcan, became headquarters, and the monarchs of the forest, in obedience 
to the drum head court martial of the axeman, were guillotined on requisition of the 
miners, for use in docks, pockets and dwellings. The experiences, history and daily 
routine of all these new mining claims were, of course, greatly similar ; a description of 
one is applicable to all, hence my lingering over details. About this time 4,021 tons of 
ore were shipped from West Vulcan. On the 12th of September the first carload of 
freight, consisting of hay, bar iron, etc., backed into Vulcan. This same day Dr. Hulst 
entered, upon his duties as agent in residence of all the interests of the Menominee 
Mining Co., Lew Whitehead, captain at Vulcan, A. C. Brown, purchasing agent, Henry 
Fisk, book-keeper, and Dr. Belknap, physician. The first school meeting on the range 
was held in a logging camp, between the Vulcan and the mouth of the Sturgeon. Miss 
Reath was appointed teacher and "school was kept" within the camp, the dark forest 
being the playground, and the stately fir trees the bounds. Generations come and go; 
history repeats itself ; the dramas and tragedies of life are enacted, as they were fifty 
years since, with the difference that the thirst for knowledge — on which, rightly or 
wrongly, is supposed to depend the acquisition of wealth — surpasses all other desires, 
and the ambition to "learn" is not confined to the courts of the world, but stirs the 
tent-dwellers of the wilderness. In 1878 the Breen Mine was closed down and vacated. 
In May of the same year Mr. Curnow, of Milwaukee, took charge of the Quinnesec 
Mine, and the place commenced to boom as a mining town, and as the terminus of rail- 
road construction. In August of the same year, the Norway Mine, section 5, township 
39, range 29, was opened up by the Menominee Mining Co., the explorations having 
been carried on by John N. Armstrong. The Cyclops was also opened up in 1878, as 
was the old "Saginaw, section 4 mine," later known as the Perkins — township 39, 
range 29 — re-christened in 1879, in honor of Captain John Perkins, the new superin- 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



tendent. The first giant powder used on the range was utilized in blasting the bed of 
the Sturgeon River in 1878. In the fall of this year, Mr. Whitehead formally threw 
open the Vulcan Hotel, and in graceful recognition of these amenities of life and in 
demonstration of the laws of " accelerating demand," Mrs. Patrick McCarty in February 
introduced the first white girl baby born on the range, whilst Mrs. Whitehead, in equal 
recognition of the responsibilities of her position, and in kind obedience to an unwritten 
but unanimous mining wish, in the ensuing April the 7th, followed up the lead with a 
baby boy. Thus did the "Luck of Roaring Camp" find its prototypes on the banks of 
the wild Menominee. 

The fever for work was not confined to the vicinity of the Sturgeon or to the State 
of Michigan, for away to the west and north within sound of the turmoil of the brawling 
Brule in Wisconsin, Mr. Fisher continued to prosecute his explorations. From 1871 to 
1879 he, to use his own colloquialism, " stayed with it." Impressed with the conviction 
that the supporting girders of the earth were iron, he stood firm in his faith, and by 




First National Bank, Iron Mountain. 

patient perseverance, finally exacted the toll which persistence merited. For four long 
years he exploited the country which lay in the uneven basin of the Pine and Brule 
Rivers. Neither coal nor even gold was possible. Iron and iron only was the lode-star 
of his hopes. In April of 1876, exploring was commenced on section 34, township 40, 
range 18, for Tuttle and Harvey of Cleveland, O., and on May 16th ore was discovered, 
and declared by Prof. Chas. E. Wright, Major Brooks and Prof. Pumpelli to be one of 
the most promising finds on the Upper Peninsula. This mine is the Commonwealth of 
to-day. Later explorations by Mr. Otto Davidson have disclosed a large body of ore on 
the south-east J{ of section 34, the Badger mine, a most important discovery. In 1889, 
Mr. Fisher also discovered the Armenia, two miles from Crystal Falls, the result of 
personal research. 

The years 1878, '79, '80, '81 and '82 succeeded each other as periods teeming with 
extraordinary incident in the history of mineral development in the region already 
described as the Menominee Iron Range. Men of every degree of experience hastened 
to join the restless eager throng hurrying to the land of hematite. The story of the 



The Menominee Iron Range. 41 

innumerable discoveries, and the wonderful quality of the ore unearthed soon became 
noised abroad, and every day witnessed the advent of miners, laborers, camp followers, 
and a leaven of shrewd business men. Quinnesec was the objective point, but tales of 
richer deposits further inland induced many a one to abandon a visible El Dorado, for 
an unvisited Golconda. Some with but little means, some with less, a few with a 
knowledge gained of books, others with facts learned of experience, all full of hope, and 
none dismayed, this oddly assorted army of humans of divers tongues, and diverse 
nationalities boldly plunged into the uninviting jungle that draped the mountain 
palisades, each secure in the belief that "he himself" was fated to strike it rich. In 
1879, Mr. John R. Wood, now President of the First National Bank of Iron Mountain, 
discovered the Cornell mine, of which he became manager, and at about the same time 
the Traders, the Canadian, Curry, Garfield, Hecla, Hancock, Illinois, Indianna, 
Keelridge, Stephenson, Sturgeon River and others were developed with varying degrees 
of success, the success of the enterprises depending almost entirely on the amount of 
capital available for purposes of complete exploration. Iron Mountain, Florence, and 
later on Iron River and Crystal Falls, became in turn the scene of more extensive 
operations, and from isolated mining camps, arose the prosperous towns and thriving 
villages which now compete in friendly rivalry for the supremacy of the Menominee. 

In 1877, the range with one mine in operation shipped 4,563 tons of ore. In 1890, 
with thirty-two mines in operation, it shipped 2,282,237 rons OI ore - 

You have been shown what it has done, you have been told what it is doing. Again 
bear with me still further, whilst I reveal its actual condition of to-day, and cast with 
your permission a horoscope of its future. 




CHAPTER III. 



Tl)e Ore and tl)e Iron of tl)e Aenominee. 



Comparative and Affirmative. 

If the chronicles of Moses are worthy of credence — and I dare not dispute them — 
Tubal-Cain, a son of Zillah, who was a daughter of the original family who led the 
fashions in the land of Nod, 4,003 years before the birth of our Saviour, was the "first 
instructor of all artificers in iron." 

These good people, however, could hardly be called an industrially progressive lot, 
for though they were addicted to the manufacture of tin trumpets and that sort of thing, 
it was left to Og, the king of Bashan, "remnant of giants," 2,552 years afterwards, to 
apply the manufactured product of hematite to any domestically economic purpose. 
"Behold," says the book of Deuteronomy, "his bedstead was a bedstead of iron." It 
is but fair to mention here though, in justice to the men of Canaan, that Joshua, with 
wholesome regard for his enemy's "chariots of iron," had drawn attention to their exis- 
tence when urging Israel to battle, which was ten years before the Bashan bruiser 
decided to invest in an iron bedstead. 

Fifty-five years before Christ the ancient Britons exported iron to the continent of 
Europe in their own ships. Sixteen hundred and seventy-seven years afterwards, if the 
red men of Virginia had not scalped the manufacturers, America would have shipped to 
England home-made pig-iron from her own furnaces on the James River. So much for 
its ancient uses and abuses, but do you know technically what iron is? At Yale College 
there is, or was, a meteorite which fell in Texas. It weighs about 1,500 pounds. It 
contains 92 per cent, iron and 8 per cent, nickel. This is native iron. There are several 
natural combinations of iron, but, we of the Menominee Range take little interest but in 
one, namely, that composed of iron and oxygen, and of this only the following varieties 
have any material significance: 

1. Magnetite. — Magnetic Iron: Chemical composition, iron 72.4, and oxygen 27.6. 

2. Specular Iron Ore. — He?natite: Chemical composition, iron 70.03, and oxygen 
29.97, color ranging from deep red in earthy ores, to iron black and steel grey in the 
purer varieties. Variations of this are numerous, all more or less valuable, including 
Red Hematite, Specular Iron, etc. 

Brown Iron Ore. — Limonite: Chemical composition, iron 60.0, oxygen 25.6, and 
water 14.4, varied by silica, alumina, or phosphoric acid. A valuable and abundant ore 
of iron. Its varieties are: Bog Iron Ore, Brown Hematite, etc. 

In 1890 the total production of iron ores in the United States was in round numbers 
17,300,000 tons. Of this the nine iron ore producing states of the South furnished 



44 The Menominee Iron Range. 

2,917,529 tons only; the superior iron fields of Michigan and Wisconsin, supplying 
more than one-half of the whole output, namely 9,003,701 tons, of which again the 
Menominee Range contributed 2,282,237, or within a fraction of one-seventh of the 
entire year's product, or only 600,000 tons less than did the nine iron ore producing 
states of the South combined! This, however, is a mere statement of facts, and though 
interesting as such, conveys little import as a statistical comparison, unless we search 
for the lesson it conveys. You ask, "What is the lesson?" I will show you. For a 
year or two past the commercial world has been bombarded with printed descriptions of 
the alleged unexampled development of the mineral resources of the South. Is it not 
about time for the Menominee — the banner iron range of Superior — to challenge these 
assertions by a presentation of fact ? Statements uncontradicted, like the conditions 
consequent upon unenforced statutes, sooner or later are recognized as law. Let me 
hasten to codify then the law of facts. 

In 1880, the joint States of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Maryland, 
Tennessee, Texas, and the two Virginias — I quote from a paper on "Southern 
Industries" which appeared in a recent number of the Manufacturers' Record, over the 
signature of Major R. P. Porter, superintendent of Census — unitedly produced 754,6i4tons 
of iron ore. In 1890, or ten years after, their output was, as so stated, but 2,917,529, 
or an increase in ten years of about 388 per cent. only. What was the Menominee 
Range — the unknown region, on the ragged edge of the ultima thule of trade limits — 
doing in the meantime. Asleep? No! In 1880, though her output of iron ore was only 
524,735 tons, or but little more than two-thirds of that of the nine ore producing states 
of the South, her annual output ten years afterwards — gradually increasing with the 
diminishing decade — had reached in 1890, 2,282,237 tons, an increase of 430 per cent., 
as against the 388 per cent, of increase acquired by the nine unparalleled, but " musing" 
southern ranges in the same period. And not alone this. In 1890, seven of these states, 
— I omit Maryland and Texas — had in forty cities (counting only those of over 8,000 
inhabitants each) an aggregate urban population of 1,105,390 souls, representing a little 
less than 2^3 tons of ore, of her per caput town inhabitants, whilst remote Menominee 
with its unfledged industries, and its new made population, rus et urbs, aggregating all 
told only 25,000 people, turned out over 91 tons per head of its total inhabitants, or 
based on its urban population, over 150 tons per capita. 

In which of these — to each other somewhat antipodal places — would you, possible 
capitalist, prefer to invest your funds, and you skilled artizan, prefer to cast your lot 
from an iron ore industrial standpoint? Within the heated boundaries of nine southern 
states, the joint scattered area of which exceeds 577,000 square miles with a city popu- 
lation of over 1,100,000 and a yearly ore production of 2^3 tons per head only, or in a 
more temperate district whose area is 2,000 square miles, whose city, town and village 
population is as yet but 15,000, but whose output of ore, from its centralized ranges, 
actually allows over 91 tons per capita for its civic and rural population both included, 
and is the base of future supply of iron for all of the expanding territory included in the 
entire group of states north and west of its own line of latitude. Which of these 
latitudes think you presents the most attractive field for commercial opportunity? The 
one whose "land development" companies have of recent years so "boomed" 
an unnatural industrial maturity, that it is already experiencing the reaction born of a 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



45 



plethora of factories and a glutted market, or a country which, whilst its resources are 
practically inexhaustible offers an open field for the establishment of industries, and is 
still waiting to extend a valuable welcome to its first trade trespasser. 

A Baltimore trade paper is authority for the statement that on the line of the Norfolk 
and Western Railway in Virginia there were, last year, completed or under contract 
12 blast furnaces, 8 rolling mills, 38 foundries, 85 wood working establishments, 43 iron 
mines, 2,600 coke ovens and 151 other industries. I venture to predict that within five 
years from now this southern industrial inflation, will, in obedience to the inexorable law 
of supply and demand, have reached its true commercial apogee, and that a substantial 
per centum of its present redundant industries, will like the "Birnam woods," be 
marching in hot haste to the more inviting trade sanctuary presented by the solid 
Menominee. 

Referring to this phase of over production this is what Mining and Engineering 

recently had to say upon the subject: 

The fundamental cause of the existing situation has been the competition of the southern furnaces. 
A large number of these, erected solely to form the nucleus of a town site boom,* having fallen into difficulty 
during the financial stringency of the past months, have been pouring iron into northern markets at almost 
any price, in order to raise money to meet their obligations. There is no competition as severe as that of a 
bankrupt concern, and some of the southern furnaces are certainly not strong financially. 

This chapter was commenced with a reference to the iron bearing ores of the 
Menominee. The class of its ores have been described to you, I submit on page 46 as an 
instructive study a table showing in detail the yearly annual output of all its Mines, since 
its creation as an active range, deducing obvious inferences. I will then show, 1st the 
multiple uses to which iron can be applied; 2d, the inevitability of the world's acceler- 
ating demand for iron; 3d, a personal introduction to the shafts and levels from whence 
this raw staple of structural advancement is obtained, later on referring to certain mines 
separately, and finally drawing your attention to the opportunities which the Menominee 
presents for the manufacture of the crude metal and the establishment of cognate 
industries. 

In order to further demonstrate that not only is the Menominee without parallel 
as regards the mines operated by our neighbors to the south, but that it has eclipsed 
with its production the output of the oldest — and until recently the best known — iron 
range of America, its twin brother, the Marquette Range of Lake Superior, the 
following figures obtained from official sources will prove. In the similar period already 
given in the preceding case of the Menominee — viz: thirteen years — the Marquette 
Range with a string of 82 mines, operating as one mine for 503 years, or 503 mines for 
one year, produced 22,098,990 tons, or at the rate of less than 44,000 tons per mine 
each, per year, as against the 50,000 odd tons similarly produced by bountiful 
Menominee. 

Now this is true. What are you going to do about it? Don't you think some of 
this ore is worth retaining at its cradle — worth detention by a manufacturer's capias — 
at Norway, Iron Mountain, Florence, Crystal Falls or Iron River? Think it over, 
whilst I point out the superlative qualities of the Menominee product. 
*The italics are mine. — W. R. N. 



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The Menominee Iron Range. 



47 



In a special circular which I addressed to Menominee mine owners, the following 
questions among others were asked: 

No. 18. How do the ores of the southern states compare with those of the Menominee Range? What 
is vour explanation of the statement current in some quarters that the ores of the mines of Virginia, 
Alabama, etc., are gradually occupying the markets, to the growing exclusion of the Michigan product? 

No. 19. If under present conditions they are competitors to be feared, in what particular do they 
possess an advantage. If not in possession of superior ore, a solution of the question must be sought either 
in the matter of royalties, labor, or transportation. I seek an expression of opinion from you, and a 
suggested remedy. 

The answers received may be summarized as follows: Those ores of the Menominee 
which correspond to the ores of the South, are here thrown on the dump. Southern 



ores are lower in iron 
phorous. There is no 
southern competition 
ores. Proved by the 
of Menominee mines 
to Birmingham, Ala., 
non-Bessemer ores 
their own against 
the latter being taken 
deposits. When the 
is gone, which is only 
years, they will lose 
vantage. It will be a 
tory of the mines of 
west of the Susque- 




Rand Drills — 4TH Level Ludington Mine. 



and higher in phos- 
possibility of any 
in northern Bessemer 
fact that the product 
is constantly shipped 
and other places. Our 
are certain to hold 
those of the South, 
mostly from surface 
cream of southern ores 
a matter of a few 
their temporary ad- 
repetition of the his- 
central Pennsylvania 
hanna. 



The irons of the south are in many cases really mined at a loss. The companies 
which control them making their profit out of the sale of lands and town lots. When 
these cease to be realizable the ledgers will show contra balances. These pleasant 
looking balance sheets embody as a rule the profits made on joint and kindred industries, 
not on iron or even coal alone, but largely in land. There are three or four salient 
features, however, which must be regarded as advantageous, and these chiefly are: 
Absence of (1) Royalties; (2) Cheap Labor; (3) Cheap Freights, and ^4) Proximity, of 
Coal. 

As to Royalties, they are regarded in the North by all, except the fee-owner, as in 
most cases a grievous imposition, and to which the legislative pruning knife might with 
justice be applied. The question of Labor, will with a cheaper food supply, correct 
itself. Freights, though they have taken a "tumble " since last season of "five cents a 
ton," on railway haul to Escanaba, representing a saving to the Menominee of $114,000, 
yet leaves much to be desired. An independent line of railway is needed. This 
opportunity was presented during the current year, when the Schlesinger syndicate 
placed their 52 miles of ironed road from Escanaba to Lake Antoine upon the market. 
Through lack of unanimity, or cash on the part of peninsula mine owners, the golden 
opportunity was not embraced. Coal, though a beneficent factor as regards the South, 
and whilst remote as regards source of supply from the Menominee mines, can yet be 
forced into profitable service on the range, and contribute to an active development of 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



her iron industries, and lead — as I propose to prove latter on — to remunerative 
competition for a share of the great northwest iron and steel demand, as yet but in its 
infancy. As an evidence of the actual commercial value of Michigan iron, its hard 
hematite, averaging 66 per cent, in iron — the state geologist says 69 per cent. — and .02 
in phosphorous, was sold on the Cleveland, O., market last year at $7. 25 per ton, whilst 
soft non Bessemer ores, averaging 59 per cent, sold at $4.50. 

In Alabama, according to Dr. Phillips, M. E., in his special report of the industries 
of that state, it takes 2.10 tons of their ore for one ton of pig. Of the Menominee Range 
ores it takes at best but lj/i, and at most but \}i tons to obtain the same result. "The 
iron made from southern ores," so writes another authority, "contains .6 per cent, 
phosphorous, and thus it is only fit to be dealt with in the Siemen's basic steel furnace." 
There are of course exceptions to this, in their brown hematite for example, which is 
found in pockets — uncertain as to quantity — and the Cranberry mines in North Carolina, 
where the pig only contains about .03 per cent, phosphorous, but the ore is siliceous. 
The ore at Birmingham, Ala., contains 40 per cent, of iron and the pig 0.6 per cent, 
phosphorous. The local ores of Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey are also 
almost all phosphoretic, much of which has to be washed. Mr. Jeremian Head, an 
expert who recently visited the southern iron fields has this to say upon the matter: 
"Almost all of this erratically distributed ore is phosphoretic. What they are going to 
do with all the phosphoretic pig which is about to be made I cannot tell. They are 
putting up foundries and pipe works and so on, but without the Basic process to enable 
them to turn some of it into steel, I cannot see where they are going to dispose of it. It 
looks in many cases as though the blast furnace plants had been put down to enable 
them to sell tow?i lots." 

Upon an analysis of some figures at my elbow, I find that in February last out of 69 
furnaces in Virginia, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and North Carolina, 30 
were out of blast. The Menominee invites the idle manufacturer to illumine with his fur- 
nace lights its hills, pregnant with trade possibilities and which are waiting to be aroused 
into a sense of their industrial responsibilities. 

The growing uses for which iron and steel have been considered to be applicable, 
have now passed out of the realms of fancy into the region of accepted fact. Possibil- 
ities which but a few years since were regarded as remotely contingent are now 
substantially present realities. Iron to-day, literally, enters into our very souls. For 
architectural purposes iron and steel have supplanted wood almost entirely. For 
telegraph and electric wire poles, rods and girders, and construction work of every 
description, the king of metals is employed. The demand for steel plates and forgings 
is phenomenal. There are at present seven companies which control the steel trade of 
the United States. Their annual capacity for rail making is about 2,600,000 tons. Last 
year the Illinois Steel Co., of Chicago, the most extensive concern in the country, 
purchased during the year, 3,642,660 tons of iron ore. It employed 9^48 men per day 
during the year, and paid out in salaries and wages $6,893,416. It drew a deep draught 
on the Menominee. In Chicago alone, the world's fair and its consequent construction 
of sky scraping buildings, will necessitate an additional supply of steel. Modern science 
is the science of steel. Professor Brickmore estimates the annual consumption of sleepers 
— I, of course, refer to railway ties — at 85,000,000. Another authority states that in 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



49 



1889 there were 516,000,000 of these on our railways. The average life of an oak tie 
whilst about eight years in the Northwest, is but three years in the Southern states. As 
iron must sooner or later supplant the use of wood — I mention this to encourage my 
Virginia friends — their phosphoric pig may after all, find its level in ties. On the 
shores of the Pacific coast I have seen wooden piles rendered useless in six months from 
the fanatic zeal of the teredo worm, the submerged columns perforated, like a tin 
strainer. Already iron piles have been subjected to a process which enables them to 
resist the rust of salt water. Ten years from now in certain localities nothing else will 
be used. The iron fever will become practicably endemic. Whilst beef, extract of hema- 
tite, and wine may not enable you to resist all the ills that flesh is heir to, the steel shell 
which sooner or — I trust — later may envelope your remains, will doubtless preserve your 




The Dunn Mine. — Crystal Falls District. 



inanimate ashes until the last trump. All is steel. From the electric dispatch which 
overthrows dynasties to the brads in your boots; from the baby's safety-pin to the Krupp 
gun; from the blade which drips in conquest over your landlady's beefsteak, to the blade 
which propels the cruisers of destruction, or shears your cheek; from the locomotive 
which waltzes off with the amazed bride, or bears the argosys of wealth from remote 
spheres — to the flexible corsets which embrace the sweetest women in the world, all are 
of steel. In its multifarious uses, steel can be compared on grounds of adaptability to an 
elephant's trunk. 

About 1,500 tons of iron wire is yearly manufactured into pins in England. The 
Newhall works in Birmingham make 10,000,000 pins per day. A bar of iron one foot 
long and one inch square, cast from Menominee ore will bear 5,781 pounds strain without 
breaking. A cubic foot of wrought iron weighs 486%! pounds. The specific gravity of 
maleable iron is 7.6, and one square inch of it will sustain a weight of 17,800 pounds 



50 The Menominee Iron Range. 

without permanent alteration. If iron conserves but little of its strength by rest, it loses 
little energy by use. The perusal of its qualities may tire you out; iron itself never 
suffers from fatigue. The question of a durable road metal is one that must ere long 
occupy the attention of the street commissioners. In England, the casting of blocks of 
slag for road beds and coarse structural purposes has been seriously considered. Iron 
cars are gradually replacing the older fashioned ones of wood. About 8,000 of these are now 
traversing the railways of America. The present consumption of railway cars is 100,000 
per annum, and the life of a wooden car is at most but ten years. Of the 23,467 vessels 
comprising America's merchant marine, 644 are of iron and steel. A Michigan fresh- 
water iron steam barge, the now celebrated whale-back Wetmore, recently carried from 
Chicago to Liverpool 95,000 bushels of wheat, without breaking bulk. This could not 
have been accomplished by a wooden vessel. 

The story of the advances made in the utilization of iron for purposes hitherto con- 
secrated to wood, reads like a letter from wonderland. The very ore itself in its 
converted form, returning like the prodigal after passing through the fires of rude 
experience to the parent roof, there to sustain with its developed strength in the shape 
of steel girders, the grim, worn out chambers of its native mine. At Cannock Chase 
in Staffordshire, 12,000 girders and steel pit props have, so says Iron, (London, Eng- 
land) recently been introduced in the collieries there in place of wooden ones. 

"The most extraordinary and persistent increase in the use of iron for other purposes 
than rails, is a phenomenon of no trifling importance" — says the Engineering and Mining 
Journal — "it indicates the progress of a revolution in constructive methods, or a tremen- 
dous increase in the wealth of the people, or both. We are inclined to believe both 
causes contribute to the result." 

So much then for the uses of iron, and now a word or two as to its compounding 
demand. In order to divorce the subject of any suspicion, even of doubt, I must ask 
your forgiveness whilst I slate you with a quota of uncompromising statistics. Before 
making a break, however, in this direction, I would anticipate the — to some people — 
apparently unanswerable statement of fact, and which is sure to menace my contentions, 
that the production of iron ore in the states of America was greater during the year 1890 
than the demand. In explanation of this ore dilemma, which in no sense interferes 
with the principles of trade, and is a commercial interruption, whose recurrence in con- 
nection with the traffic in all staples not absolutely necessary, is periodically inevitable, I 
would simply say that the consumption of ore was short of the home production — based on 
the data at my command — by the amount only of the ore shipped to us from foreign coun- 
tries. Of the iron ore imported during the fiscal year, ended June, 1890, it exceeded 
in value that of the preceding year by $908,056 (Treasury Department Trade Report, 
1891). Whilst we have suffered from a declining market consequent upon a reputed 
increase in production over consumption, the fact must not be lost sight of, that the 
quantity of pig-iron which actually went into consumption was 1,200,000 tons more in 
1890 than in 1889. 

To assist in reaching a clearer understanding of the immensity of America's iron 
and steel industries, and as a key to further remarks on the subject of accelerating 



The Menominee Iron Range. 51 

demand, with which the Menominee is so indissolubly connected, I append without 
apology a summary of her trade for the year 1890. 

NET TONS. ! 

Production of pig iron 10, 307. 028 j Value of imports of iron and steel $44, 540, 084 

Production of bar, rod and hoop iron. . 2,208,880 j Value of exports of iron and steel $27,000,134 

Production of bar, rod and hoop steel. . 1,235,970 I 



Plate and sheet iron, except nail plate. . 505, 642 

Plate and sheet steel, except nail plate. . 401, 537 
Production of all rolled iron and iron 

nails, excluding rails 2, 804, 829 

Production of all rolled steel and steel 

nails, excluding rails 1,829,247 

Total production of rails 2,111,544 

Production of steel ingots 5,786,061 

Production of all kinds of crude steel. . 4,790,319 

Production of iron blooms 30,783 

Total production of nails, 100 lb. kegs.. 8,776,857 



GROSS TONS. 

Imports of iron ore 1,246,830 

Domestic production of iron ore 18,000,000 

Shipments of anthracite coal from the 

mines 35,855,175 

Total domestic production of coal 140,022,264 

Iron and steel ships built 63 

Miles of new railroad completed 6,344 

Total number of miles of railroad, 

December 31 167, 741 



Iron, the leading metal trade journal of Great Britain, thus refers to the reversals of 
the position as regards the iron and steel industries of the two countries. 

The quantity of pig-iron made in the United States has, in fact, more than trebled within the last 
twelve years, and more than doubled within the last six. Such a rate of progress is absolutely 
unprecedented. Compared with such strides as these, the progress made by Great Britain must certainly 
be regarded as slow. It has taken us twenty-seven years to double our production, and, indeed, we have not 
been able quite to maintain the figures reached in 1881-3. Moreover, we are now unable any longer, 
whilst admitting the relatively greater progress made by the United States, to point to the fact that we are 
still absolutely the greater producers of pig-iron, for there can be no question that last year America made 
a far larger quantity of pig-iron than did Great Britain. The official figures of the production of this coun- 
try are not yet published, but the output may betaken as about 8,000,000 tons. In 1889 it amounted to 
eight-and-a-quarter millions. 

I would here note a co-incidence. The production of pig-iron in Great Britain in 
1890 was less than that of the United States by 1,200,000 tons, or by precisely the same 
amount that the consumption of pig-iron in this country in 1890 was in excess of its 
consumption for 1889. 

In 1856 the Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, the universally known iron-master, in a treatise 
on the world's consumption and production of iron, made this wonderful forecast: 

It is plain that the consumption of iron is rapidly on the increase, as well from the progress in the 
arts of life, as from the increase in population, and the steady march of Christianity and civilization." * * 
* * This consideration has an important bearing upon the iron making resources of the world; for if it 
were as highly civilized as Great Britain, mankind would consume as much iron per head, viz: 144 pounds 
which would make a total annual consumption of about 60,000,000 of tons, or nearly seven times the pres- 
ent product. * * * It is apparent that when it reaches this point, the annual consumption of iron will 
be over one hundred millions of tons, for it is to be remembered also that the annual consumption per head 
has been increasing; that in 115 years it has increased seventeen fold. If the next century should show the 
same result, the consumption would be 300 pounds per head, requiring an annual make of 140,000,000 of 
tons. But the population of the world in 100 years will be probably nearly doubled, which would raise the 
consumption to over 200,000,000 of tons per. annum. * * * Common sense stands apalled before these 
immense figures. Previous to this investigation I have never allowed myself to look the facts in the face, 
and I am therefore desirous to submit them to the severest examination. Let me ask you therfore to 
measure the future carefully by the past. 



52 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



From 1740 to 1885 the production of iron increased seventy-fold. If the same rate of increase should 
prevail for 115 years to come the annual make would reach 490,000,000 tons, and it is to be observed that 
the ratio of increase has been an increasing one for each period of ten years since 1740, and not a decreas- 
ing one. Commencing with 1806, it required till 1824, a period of 18 years to double the production in 
Great Britain. By 1836 it was again doubled, requiring a period of only twelve years. In 1847 it was 
again doubled, requiring eleven years. In 1855 a period of eight years, it had risen from 2,000,000, to 
3,500,000, at which rate it would double in ten years. 

These figures must be very wearying, let me 

lend to them a halo of romance, and 

introduce to you 



Now if the production of 
only once in twenty years, 
14,000,000; in 1895, 28,000,- r ~^ 
'935. 96,000,000; and in 1955, (Jc 
so enormous as to defy any j-^f\ 
they will be realized. And38&* 
the prediction in England in ti 1 -- - 
J 7.35 tons, that in 115 years 
and-a-half millions of tons, 
as a lunatic, and told that all 
and all the mineral resources 
adequate to one fourth of such 

That this prophecy 
more than fulfilled I will 
Hon. Edward Atkinson, 
economists of the day, 
upon the subject, sub 




the world were to double 
the make in 1875 would be 
000; in 1915, 48,000,000; in 
192,000,000. Figures again 
man of common sense to say 
yet if any one had ventured 
1740, when the make was 
the make would reach three- 
he would have been regarded 
the men, and all the wealth, 
of Great Britain were not 
an incredible production. 

up to date has been 
now prove through the 
one of the most eminent 
who last year in writing 
mitted the following: 



SUMMARY OF CONSUMPTION.— 1870 and 1889 Inclusive. 

POUNDS. 

In 1870 to 1878 inclusive, the average consumption of iron per capita by the people of the United 

States, as nearly as it can be computed, did not exceed. . 150 

In 1879, taken separately, it may have been approximately 200 

In 1889 it was in excess of 300 

In 1889 the consumption or use of iron in Great Britain, France, Germany and Belgium, did not 

exceed per capita 175 

If there were upon the globe in 1889 about 1,200,000,000 people, aside from the population of the 

foregoing countries, then their average consumption of iron did not exceed per capita 11 to 12 



SUMMARY IN ROUND FIGURES AND GROSS TONS.— 1 

POPULATION. 

United States 64,000,000 

Great Britain, France, Germany and Belgium 136,000,000 

All the rest 1,200,000,000 




Total 1,400,000,000 



40 pounds 



TONS. 

8,500,000 

10,500,000 

6,000,000 

25,000,000 



Juraschek and Lexis, two celebrated German professors, also have just compiled 
some elaborate statistics concerning the world's production and consumption of iron. 
Whilst differing somewhat from Mr. Atkinson in their estimate of the consumption by 
countries, they reach almost the same aggregate conclusions. The figures are given in 
metric tons of 1,000 kilos — 1,016 kilos are equal to an ordinary ton. In 1840 the iron 
output of the world is placed at 2,900,000 metric tons; in i860, 7,360,000 tons; in 1870, 
12,095,000 tons; in 1880, 18,385,000 tons; and in 1890/27,146,000 tons! 



The Menominee Iron Range. 53 

The comparative production during 1890 is given as follows: — Great Britain, 8,001,000 metric tons; 
United States, 9,348,000 tons; Germany, including Luxemburg, 4,637,000 tons; France, 1,970,000 tons; 
Austria, Hungary, 925,000 tons; Belgium, 782,000 tons; Russia, 667,000 tons; Sweden, 421,000 tons; Spain, 
232,000 tons; Canada, 26,000 tons; Italy, 13,000 tons; New South Wales, 4,000 tons; Switzerland, Portu- 
gal, Norway, and Turkey, 25,000 tons; Japan, and other countries, 95,000 tons. 0£ welded iron and steel 
the totals are distributed as follows: — Of welded iron, Great Britain turned out 1,954,000 tons; United 
States, 2,558,000 tons; Germany, 1,454.000 tons; France, 823,000 tons; Belgium, 507,000 tons. Of steel, 
Great Britain produced 3,636,000 tons; United States, 4,345,000 tons; Germany, 2,161,000 tons; France, 
566,000 tons; Belgium, 236,000 tons; and Austria, 441,000 tons. The following table, according to Messrs 
Jurashek and Lexis, illustrates the comparative consumption of pig-iron during the periods mentioned: — 

PIG IRON CONSUMPTION. 

Average 1880-1884. Average 1889. 

TOTAL METRIC TONS. PER HEAD. TOTAL METRIC TONS. PER HEAD. 

Great Britain 4,275,000 266 2 1b. 7,815,000 449.9 1b. 

United States 4,674,000 193.6 1b. 7,840,000 284.9 1b. 

Germany 3,182,000 154. lb. 4,373,000 202. lb. 

France 2,164,000 127.6 1b. 1,662,000 95.5 1b. 

Belgium 532,000 206.8 1b. 1,073,000 393.4 1b. 

Austria-Hungary 746,000 44. lb. 941,000 51. lb. 

These figures show that in every country named, excepting France, vast annual 
progress in the utilization of iron has been made. 

From this it will be seen that Mr. Hewitt's prophesy for 1895, will be more than ful- 
filled. Analyzing these conditions, and pursuing the subject further, Mr. Atkinson asks: 
Is it not almost certain that the consumption of iron will go on increasing in the period which will 
elapse between 1890 and rgoo — not only in ratio to the population, but also in a measure corresponding to 
the increase per capita, which was developed between 1877 and 1889? Let it, however, be assumed that the 
increase per capita will only rise from 300 to 400 pounds per head, then the 90,000,000 of people who will 
occupy this country in the year 1900, may require our present supply and in addition thereto, 7,000,000 
gross tons. If the demand of Great Britain, France, Germany and Belgium shall increase only 20 per cent, 
in the next ten years, that increase will create a demand in addition to their present consumption, for 
2,000,000 tons. If the consumption of the rest of Europe, of Asia, of Africa, of South and Central 
America, and of Australia, shall only carry their demand from eleven or twelve pounds per capita to 
twenty-two or twenty-four pounds, then, in addition to their present supply of 6,000,000, they would 
require 6,000,000 more. 

Mr. Atkinson summarizes these conclusions as follows: tons. 

Present production 25,000,000 

Increased consumption in the United States 7,000,000 

" " " Great Britain, France, Germany and Belgium. . .2,000,000 

" all the rest of the world 6,000,000 

Total increase of demand 15,000,000 



Total supply required 40,000,000 

In 1889 the demand for iron was 76 per cent greater than in 187S. * * * Is there not reason to 
expect the increase in the demand of 1900, as compared to 1889 to be as great as the increase of demand of 
1889 was in ratio to that of 1878? In such event the supply for the year 1900 must be 44,000,000 gross tons. 
But even this base of computation is not regarded by Mr. Atkinson as a complete 
one, for he justly adds, in order to establish a fair method of forecasting future demand: 
We must compare as many periods of eleven years each with the other as the statistical data will cover 
in order to develop the apparent law of accelerating demand. * * * If then one may predicate a continu- 
ance of this law for the next eleven years, neither forty or forty-four million gross tons will suffice in the 
year 1900. If this increasing demand continues, the supply must be 100 per cent in excess of that which 
now prevails — the supply in 1900 must be 50,000,000 gross or 56,000,000 net tons. Who will supply it ? 
Yes, "who will supply it?" I make bold to answer Mr. Atkinson's most pertinent 
query by propounding anyway a partial solution of the difficulty when I submit in reply 
"The Great Menominee Iron Range!" 



The Menominee Iron Range. 55 



I have referred elsewhere to the railway system of transporting ore. A word as to 
the iron ore marine. From the six iron ore ports of Michigan and Superior in 1890, viz. : 
Escanaba, Marquette, St. Ignace, Gladstone, Ashland and Two Harbors, was shipped 
respectively, 3,792,006; 1,267,777; 2I i5 01 ; 82,902; 1,618,206; and 880,014 l° n g tons of 
iron ore. To convey these 7,662,499 tons of compact freight it necessitated nearly 3,000 
cargos. To enable you to grasp the immensity of this trade, I might add that it would 
have taken the combined carrying capacity of the whole of America's merchant marine 
twice over to transport the product, representing two cargos and two voyages, for every 
one of the 22,428 hulls of registered American bottom. These ships are of a type 
distinctly peculiar to the Great Lakes. 1 he Marine Review of Cleveland, has kindly 
allowed me to present you with a picture of the most recent addition to the United 
States fresh water fleet, the E. C. Pope, named after the eminent iron ore dealer of 
Cleveland, and built by the Dry Dock Co., of Detroit. The Pope is 314 feet keel, and 
334^ feet over all; breadth 42 feet; depth 24 feet; engine, cylinders 22 inches, 
35 inches, 56 inches; stroke 44 inches; two boilers, diameter, 14 feet 2 inches; length, 
11 feet, 6 inches. On Sept. 2d, 1890, with a cargo of 3,109 net tons of ore, and a draft 
of 14 feet, 6 inches, and a displacement of 4,710 net tons with Capt. Geo. Miner — even 
the skipper's name is a "harmony" — in command, she ran 314 miles in 22 hours, 
59 minutes, with an indicated horse power of 1357, and an hourly coal consumption of 
2,632 pounds. She has since carried 3,608 net tons drawing 16 feet of water. She 
carried on another occasion 125,990 bushels of corn with a draft of 15 feet, 10 inches. 
Light she averaged within a fraction of 16 miles an hour. Such are the vessels which 
transport the viscera of the Menominee to eastern furnaces, bearing with them a return 
cargo of water-ballast only. 

Upon reference to the summary of the iron and steel trade of this country for 1890, 
it will be seen that the value of our imports, exclusive of ore, is given as $44,540,084, 
representing over 700,000 tons of metal. This estimated tonnage, however, does not 
include the metal contained in the $2,831,000 worth of machinery, the $2,532,000 worth 
of cutlery or the $1,388,000 worth of firearms included in the total value of imports, but 
of the weight of which the Trade and Navigation Report gives us no return. Surely the 
day is not far remote when not alone will our native industries be supplying our own 
domestic want in these lines of manufacture, but meeting the expanding demands of 
foreign countries also. I find, however, an item which may be of some interest to the 
industrious house-wives of this range, namely, that of $267,831 for needles! Hereafter 
any objurgation on the part of the married miner, when he discovers he is "short on 
buttons," will be perfectly justifiable. A further study of the elaborate reports by 
the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Mr. S. G. Brock, at Washington, on our foreign 
commerce, reveals the suggestive fact that the price of pig-iron imported into this 
country during the last fiscal year, 1890, actually exceeded the value of the article in 
the foreign market from whence imported, for the preceding year, by $8.90 per ton. 

I offer this as another trade nut for the American Iron-master to crack, and return 
with renewed faith to a further study of marvellous Menominee. 



CHAPTER IV. 



Tl)e Iron Aine^ of tl)e Aenominee Range. 



facts and Fancies. 

The mines of the Menominee Range last year produced jointly, as already shown 
in detail, 2,282,137 tons of ore. The aggregate output of the 96 mines in active opera- 
tion during the calendar year 1890, throughout the whole Lake Superior region — 
according to the statistics as prepared by the Iron Trade Revieiti — amounted to 9,003,701 
tons. Of this total the Vermillion Range in Minnesota produced 880,014 tons, the other 
three ranges supplying the difference of 8,123, 687. 

It is possible there is an error of a few thousand tons, for in a manuscript statement 
forwarded to me by Mr. S. G. Brock, Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Depart- 
ment, Washington — and whose courtesy I beg to acknowledge — taken from the annual 
statistical report of the American Iron and Steel Association, I find that the Vermillion 
Range is credited with 880,264 an ^ the Lake Superior mines of Michigan and Wisconsin 
with 8,132,115, raising the aggregate total by 8,678 tons. Practically this of course has 
no more effect on the result than has a mosquito on a fly wheel. 

Of the 178 mines in the entire Lake Superior region in operation off and on since 
1878, I find that they represent for the period of thirteen years, 900 mines for one year, 
or one mine for 900 years, with an average annual production of 51,090 tons. During 
this period the smallest output by any one mine was the Wheeling of the Marquette 
Range, 74 tons in 1887, and the greatest that of the Norrie, Gogebic Range, 906,728 in 
1890. The further detailed consideration of the individual mines of the range, I shall 
leave to be dealt with in the chapters descriptive of the towns within whose limits they 
are situated or to whose markets they are tributary. 

In a publication of this nature I am sure that you have no desire, and I assure you 
I have none, to enter into all the sombre mysteries of mining as a science of techni- 
calities. Probably all that you care about knowing, non-scientific reader, now that your 
appetite for wealth has been whetted by a display of Menominee mineral, is the shortest 
and most practical way of reaching the base of supply, the birth place of iron — sphynx- 
like in its crass entity, yet typical of all things durable, unfrangible and superlative. As 
you have been told, there are 47 mines in the Menominee, which gasp at you with their 
black mouths, like the jaws of Jonah's whale in Dores' painting, and at intervals, from 
Waucedah to Crystal Falls. These mines are "run" for the most part, by very 
estimable managers, and I have a diffidence in taking you down one instead of — not in 
preference to, mind you — another, for fear the united management of the 46 unvisited 
industries, might traffic with a pit-boss to smuggle me into obscurity. However, I'll 



58 The Mencwinee Iron Range. 

run chances and as the Iron Mountain mines are within rifle shot of where I this day sit, 
I will elect to conduct you into one of its many shaft houses, conditionally that under no 
consideration will you be seduced into divulging the name of the mine into whose cold 
crypts I am about to lead you. 

On the side of a hill, at the base of its second bench, and which hill, carved and 
chopped up, like the drop curtain in a Chinese theatre, reaches skyward some 250 feet, 
stands a brown red shaft house, at whose entrance several hundred men are lounging in 
every conceivable attitude of repose that happens to constitute their idea of rest. These 
men with hardly an exception are costumed in the picturesque and serviceable outfit of 
their calling. Sou' -Westers, oil skins and knee rubber boots, an army of stalwarts in 
their uniform of rust. In each hat is either an iron stick holding its yellow stearine 
candle, or a small tin oil lamp, all lighted, the flames of which wave diversely in th e 
faint pulses of air that reach the place. Every man who is not smoking is chewing. 
The rays of a setting sun salute the group from over the hilltop, and lighten up 
unnecessarily the sea of smiling faces with halos of hope. This is the night shift. It 
is quite possible that one or more of their number may be now drawing his last 
"surface" breath and bidding an eternal farewell to the sunshine. God knows best. 
Not a trace, however, of any such impending possibility finds outward reflex. The 
ringing of the bell at the pit-mouth, signal of a descending cage, might be the pealing of 
wedding bells instead of a summons into the presence of abysmal risks. 

If you are any kind of a "decent chap" at all, you will probably say to this multi- 
tude of humans as you approach them, "Good day, boys," when in secular imitation of 
the tongues which were loosened at Pentecost, you will probably be greeted thus: 

"How'dy," 

" Good day, partner," 

"Bon jour, in'seur, " 

" God dag," 

"Buon Giorno, Come va." 

Of the thousands of men working in these mines, about one-third are English, one- 
third Swede, and the remainder Hungarians, Russian Finns, Poles, French, Germans 
and Italians. The Cornish men as a class make the best miners. The Swedes, after a 
trans-atlantic experience, ranking next. 

At the captain's office you have changed your "outfit," and are now attired in a 
creaking uniform of rusty oil-skin. The cage is waiting for us and the men beckoning. 

Yes, come along. Fourteen hundred feet of a drop. Deeper than some shafts, but 
shallow compared with others. The Belgian coal mines at Flenu are 3,700 feet. The 
silver mines at Adalbert in Austria are 3,279 feet deep. The copper mines at Calumet 
in Michigan are nearly 4,000 feet deep. These shafts are gloomy as Erebus, the only 
light that reaches you being the fitful flicker of your candle, that sways in its stick, and 
brings out the cavernous shadows into more tangible and almost audible blackness. As 
you drop lower and lower, the feeling grows stronger, that whilst you are stationary, the 
walls of rock are rushing by you chasing the timbers that hem you in, in a mad frantic 
race to the surface, a diminishing port-hole above your head, and through which hatch- 
way, that appears to frame a bit of heavenly blue night-shirt, buttoned with auriferous 
stars, you beg that a watchful divinity will permit no careless vandal to drop a twenty- 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



59 



pound crowbar. Stories are told you of how men have fallen hundreds of feet down 
such shafts and survived the shock, and again of others who have not dropped a tenth 
of the distance, and yet been reduced to a jelly. Out of the 140 accidents in the 15 
mines within the county of Menominee, during 1890, and out of 4,012 men employed, 
there were but 20 fatalities. Eight of these were caused by falling down the shafts, 
from 18 to 1,300 feet; seven were from falls of ground. A verdict of accidental death 
being returned in all cases. In his last annual report, Mr. J. B. Knight, County 
Inspector of Mines, makes this reference to the important question of responsibility: 
"I have been criticized because I did not place the blame for every casualty upon 

either employer or employed. We must 
not lose sight of the fact that despite the 
greatest efforts and the use of every 
safeguard known to the industry, the 
element of danger can never be elimi- 
nated from mining, and I should be 
wanting in common sense to attempt to 
place responsibility on human agency 
which belongs to a higher power." Mr. 
Knight is right. The miners neglect 
however is usually accepted as contri- 
butory to the result. Constant familiarity 
begets indifference. Neglect of personal 
precautions on the part of the miners 
should only serve to incite the manage- 
ment to a more watchful exercise of 
authority. The miner is after all but a 
"ward." If he neglects his own safety 
the vigilance of his employers should be 
doubled, but he should be compelled — 
by punishment if need be — to mend his 
lax ways. Bearing on all this I have 
one suggestion. When a jury is needed 
to investigate a mining accident, impanel 
"miners." None but an expert has any 
Such a jury is the miners best safeguard, 




Miners Descending Shaft, Pewabic Mine. 



right to sit in judgment on such a case, 
and his inalienable right. 

What a chamber of veiled mysteries is the low vaulted room at the bottom of a deep 
mine. We have reached the 14th level, more than 1400 vertical feet below the surface 
and 800 feet below the level of Lake Michigan. Big drops of water fall from the rocks 
above— small streams in places — and tumble with a suggestive splash into the awesome 
pools at your feet, whose terrors are magnified by the cut shadows of jasper buttresses 
which seem to be shutting in upon you like the iron walls of an inquisitor's vault. You 
are now in the heart of the great Menominee ore deposit, which from its extent, regu- 
larity of occurrence and purity of ore might be called a vein. These beds sometimes 
get pinched out, and faults or failures occur, but even so these waves of iron stone often 



60 The Menominee Iron Range. 

overlap and the dropped skein can be picked up and followed. Sometimes these lenses 
of ore will be scattered like huge lima beans crystalized in this basin of metalliferous 
soup. Again the deposit will run in shape like a gigantic warped leather strap, or a 
congealed wave having a lateral motion, again disparting and becoming like a shoal of 
enormous fish, or a mammoth subterranean pudding with the lenses of ore in the place 
of plums, the width of the deposit ranging from five to eight hundred and even one 
thousand feet. 

Here as you leave this chamber and enter a drift, moving east, you pass through 
some 60 feet of an ore vein on the way to a winze, a smaller shaft, up which you can by 
numerous perpendicular ladders mount from level to level, until you gain the surface. 
This plan however, this toiling upward, is wet, risky and laborious, and after four or five 
hundred feet of a climb is probably abandoned for the more exciting bucket. The 
interior of a mine is full of surprises. A wall of impenetrable blackness stares you in 
the face; progress is barred. An unusual effort on your candle's part reveals a turn, 
trembling you grope your way round the barrier and suddenly a weird tableau confronts 
you. Silhouetted against the jasper walls stand a group of miners. Exaggerated and 
theatrical in the fitful light — the red and yellow of stearine and coal oil — you scan a 
page from the inferno. These men are blasting and are now placing in position the 
fuses of dislodgment. The cry of warning reaches you and whilst you yet wonder, a 
hoarse shout in your ear and a grip of steel about your wrist and you are hurried out of 
reach of harm behind the shelter of remote passages. Two fuses, ordinarily speaking, 
will remove from eight to ten tons. The report of the explosions reach you like muffled 
drums. Hasty examination shows some thirty tons of ore to have been moved, and 
"partner" shakes hands with "partner" on the conquest of mind over matter, and the 
incident is the theme of chat on that level for a day or so until some more exciting 
exploit obliterates it. This streak of luck is an excuse for a smoke, and under the pro- 
tecting security of posts and studdles, which are bent and bellied with the millions of 
tons of overlying rock and ore, you can pull at your pipe safe from fire damp, and talk 
the lingo current in thsse strange, damp diggings. 

Night shift men come on at seven and work till twelve, when they have an hour's 
spell for supper on the surface. Eight-hour men carry their "tommy" with them 
underground, and work straight through. A miner will mine on an average about 4^ 
tons a day. Last year at the Chapin it cost the company, so I am informed, $1.98 per 
ton to mine, which fact was attributed to the local management lacking in executive 
ability, but I find Mr. Birkenbine places the average cost in all Michigan of producing 
one long ton at $2.07. The complement of laborers to miners is about three to five. 
The cost of the candle to the miner is at the rate of about one cent an hour, but as we 
live in an age of scientific marvels electricity will soon supersede everything in the shape 
of a motor or a light for all mining purposes. Its general use for mine lighting is only 
postponed on the ground of the miners wholesome dread of its hidden dangers. Already 
it is utilized to drive some of the largest pumps in the world. Thompson and Van 
Deopole of Boston, are at the time of writing, erecting a plant for the Hamilton Ore Co., 
which will raise 100 gallons of water 1,325 feet every minute. The Cornish pumps in the 
mine I have brought you to have a capacity of 2,000,000 gallons a day from a depth of 
800 feet. At the stamp works of the copper mines of the Hecla and Calumet at Lake 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



61 



Linden, Mich., is a gigantic pump whose capacity is 60,000,000 gallons a day, and its 
consort the Winnipeg, of equal capacity is about to be put in place. In the mines of 
Honduras it used to take twelve days to raise 100,000 gallons, but it was carried on the 
backs of miners, in leather bags, up ladders of notched poles. But why continue? The 
resources of the Menominee are daily taxing the brains of the wisest living experts, to 
meet the demands of the exigencies exacted by the fabulous value of its mineral. 

As you sit listening to the exciting experiences of your guide, but which after all 
bear no comparison with the thrilling adventures of the coal miner, the muffled sound of 
the steam drills working in distant stopes reaches you. The subdued noises born of this 
steady boring, suggests mammoth beetles, or teredo worms, or colossal moles, burrowing 
their unseen way through the unexplored foundations of the world, whilst the blow of 
distant pick and hammer possesses the place like the articulate summons of some giant 
death-watch, and the hiss of compressed air sings through these cold granite halls like 
the dirges of sirens. And it is cold. Round the nozzles of the air pipes, the ice has 



formed a heavy sil- 
the keen draughts 
ploiting along 
chill you to your 
These steam drills 
institution. With 
it will take about 
utes to sink a foot 
of ore. In jasper or 
an hour. With a 
pound hammer is 
sonal observation 
upon, the striker 
blows of the ham- 
Recent experi- 
according to Iron 




A Load of Wisconsin Logs. 



ver compress, and 
which come ex- 
clammy causeways 
very marrow, 
are a wonderful 
the old hand drill 
twenty-five min- 
in an ordinary vein 
rock it would take 
hand drill an eight 
used, and if per- 
is to be depended 
"£i will give thirty 
mer in a minute, 
ments in Norway, 
Age, demonstrated 



that in driving a level in exceptionally hard horn-blendic gneiss by hand and by rock- 
drill, respectively, in a square of six feet, six inches, the cost of labor for the same 
given result was 70 per cent, of the total cost, as against 55 per cent, of the total in 
favor of the air drill. So much again for the conquests of science. The average rate 
of wages of miners per day on the Michigan Ranges is according to Mr. Birkinbine 
{Census Bulletin, No. 113), $2.23, and laborers $1.73, underground labor. 

In the island of Madagascar, so says a Chicago man, who has recently "drummed" 
that primitive spot in the interest of rock drills, the miners receive from six to ten cents 
a day for fourteen hours' labor, and recently struck for an increase of two cents per day, 
and carried the point, which fairly bristled with trade complications. There are larger 
iron mines than those of the Menominee, but from a trade standpoint they <' are not 
in it." The Durango Mine in Mexico claims to be a solid mountain of ore, 500 feet 
high, with an area of 95 acres, and an annual output of 3,000,000 tons. The directors, 
who met in Chicago this summer, want to sell, which is not surprising, as Durango has 
no fuel, and is 100 miles distant from a railway. Wonderful and perplexing Durango! 



62 The Menominee Iron Range. 

One thing especially strikes you in your visit to these sunless caves, and that is t 
universal look of complete contentment which appears upon the faces of the miners, 
miner's vocation you might reasonably suppose would be a depressing one. The unseen 
dangers ready unbidden to confront the hero of the pick at any moment, instead of 
having a depressing influence would seem to exorcise every shred of carking care. The 
gloom of hanging walls casts no shadow on the pitman's face. He carries sunshine with 
him into cramped chambers and frowning stopes, and with a dower of rare bravery and 
strongheartedness, God lightens his darkness. 

Other noises reac^i you in these joyless cells, thunder like rumblings, which the 
captain of the mine soon accounts for by leading you to the foot of a chute, down whose 
inclined plane comes thundering from a higher level, tons of blue or red ore, almost 
incandescent with their own friction as they bound against the swinging buffers and 
plunge into the iron receiving cars with the strident roar of a giant's charivari. These 
loaded cars are then hauled along the track on the bed of the drift by a wire rope 
worked by steam, and drawn bodily into the' receiving cage awaiting them in the shaft at 
the mouth of the operating level, or emptied into buckets, which are soon hurrying 
upwards in obedience to the mighty hoists which have promised them a baptism of 
dazzling daylight. Without personal inspection little conception can be had of the 
enormous amount of labor involved in developing a mine, a task so herculean, which, 
though now performed in months, owing to the time-saving devices of the scientist and 
mechanic, would under less advanced conditions take as many centuries. Steam, com- 
pressed air, electricity, and machinery — in whose complex capabilities consists its sim- 
plicity — and explosives, directed by the intelligence of a higher civilization, have reduced 
yesterday's seeming impossibility to every day commonplace. Based on broad state- 
ment it is fair to assume that for every ton of ore mined in the region of Lake Superior 
at least three tons of rock and waste have had to be removed. During the last 25 years 
56,459,036 tons of iron ore have been produced within the district, necessitating the 
removal of at least 169,000,000 tons of rock. In order to transport this huge bulk of 
waste, it may be of interest to the miner to know that it would load 8,500,000 of his 
largest ore cars, which would more than twice girdle the circumference of the earth if 
made up into two separate trains of equal length, and then leave a train amply long 
enough to bridge the Atlantic twice over. In 1889 the total capital invested in iron 
ore mines in the whole country was $109,756, 199 and the total cost of mining $24,781,658, 
of this Michigan paid out $217,283 in office wages, and $6,353,741 in labor, out of 
a total expenditure of $12,118,541. 

The various shafts of the several mines of one company alone, amount in the aggre- 
gate to a depth of 8,105 feet, whilst the total length of the underground levels, cross cuts, 
and drifts, exceeds 9,600 yards. Just imagine nearly six miles of these subterranean 
trenches. What a paradise for a Digger Indian. The work accomplished by these shaft 
sinkers too is something almost incredible. At the new shaft of the Hamilton Oie Co., 
which is 21 feet 4 inches by 7 feet within the timbers, 90 feet has actually been sunk in 
thirty days and the rock so excavated, hoisted 1,200 feet to the surface, the first level 
being 843 feet under ground. The Ludington mine which has raised this season 700 
tons of ore in one day, estimates that it will be in a position to double this daily product 
next year with its new hoisting outfit. Obstacles which a few years ago would have 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



63 



been regarded as unsurmountable are now only viewed with the interest which attaches 
to anything which whilst presenting difficulties merely calls for the exercise of unusual 
engineering skill to overcome. On the Harrison location in the town of Norway, the 
Penn Co. demonstrated the application of skilled engineering to some purpose when in 
the spring of 1890 they undertook to sink a shaft 6 feet by 13 feet, some 60 feet through 
a quicksand. Under the superintendence of Mr. William Kelly, the present general 
manager, this was accomplished. Limited space precludes all possibility of detail. An 
interesting paper descriptive of the work and written by Mr. Kelly was read before a 
meeting of the Institute of Mining Engineers at Cleveland last June. Water was struck 
20 feet down, which a 200 gallon pump failed to lower. A No. 10, 400 gallon Knowles 
pump was substituted. A Caisson or drop shaft was constructed, 4 feet larger in every 
way at bottom than top, to aid its settling, and was divided into three compartments to 
within twelve feet of the bottom. After sinking 15 feet the pumps were started; before 
sinking below water level additional power was found to be necessary. Two boilers of 135 



joint horse power and 
pumps were placed 
pump. At a depth of 
were hoisting 1,500 
times an additional 
rails had to be placed 
it in place. On one 
were drowned under, 
tion notwithstanding, 
tion reads like an en- 
The difficulties which 
sealing up of the drop 
ing, bolting and ce- 
crete were however 
Thirty-four feet was 




Rock Drilling, Twelfth Level, 
Hamilton Mine. 



two No. 10 Cameron 
under the Knowles 
48 ft. the three pumps 
gallons a minute. At 
weight of 30 tons of 
on the caisson to keep 
occasion the pumps 
but continued the mo- 
The work of construe - 
gineering romance, 
beset the blasting, the 
shaft and the timber- 
menting it with con- 
finally overcome. 
sunk through a living 



quicksand, and after 129 days of exciting and original work, the ordinary sinking was 
continued in the regular way. 

The conditions are so variable in different mines, that diverse methods have to be 
adopted in the endeavour to obtain the greatest output at the least possible cost, having 
due regard for human life. The hanging walls where they are of soft friable red slate, 
which disintegrates an exposure, makes it costly work maintaining the openings. 
Above is the limestone and Potsdam sandstone, whilst underlying is the lean ore, the 
greenstone and the granite. Opinions differ of course as to the proper handling of the 
ore bed. In some mines a tunnel may be run in the foot wall parallel with the ore, and 
the ground cut out in sections, when drifting will be pushed to the hanging wall, 
and a chute made through the foot to the cross cut above, down which the rock-filling 
may be dumped, the ore being trammed out below. Sometimes the supporting pillars 
of ore have to be abandoned as well as thousands of feet of timber in the framework. 
Again by a system of rock-filling the pillars and the timbers may both be saved. Mat- 
ters of momentous importance are forever recurring, and the brains of the resident 
management is continually taxed, and with few exceptions the talent in this direction is 



6 4 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



ample. These superintendents are as a rule an unusually — and necessarily — a very 
bright lot of men, and what strikes the observer as remarkable — if not strange — is their 
comparative youth. Old heads on young shoulders. The outcome of necessity, and 
typical of a hot house century. As a rule they are as excellently tempered as their own 
Bessemer, and as inflexible in their trust as a bar of hematite. Men and masters are 
cast pretty much in the same mold. 

In 1889, the total value of iron ore produced at all the mines in the United States, 
allowing $2.30 per long ton, was $32,766,506, indicating an apparent profit — over all 
expenses — of $34.58 per cent. It is always consequent upon such a pleasant declaration 
as this, that the companies bonus the superintending officials, and "set 'em up all 
round." 

The motors in these mines are marvels of mechanical skill. Underground steam 
and compressed air vie for motive mastery. In one mine, and on one level, tramways 
nearly a mile in length are laid, where the cars are worked on an endless cable by an 
underground engine. Huge Corliss engines run huge Cornish pumps, which raise from 



lowest level to surface 
mines, whose red tor- 
alone aggregates 
yearly. Compressed 
three miles distant by 
Menominee river, and 
four hundred horse- 
impalpability, con- 
elevated iron pipe, 
machinery of the 
ton separate indus- 
one hundred Rand 
engines of 3000 horse- 
the Hamilton Ore 




Tram Car, Thirteenth Level, 
Hamilton Mine. 



the life blood of the 
rent from one shaft 
730,000,000 gallons 
air developed nearly 
turbine wheels, on the 
with its one thousand 
power of apparent 
ducted through an 
drives nearly all the 
Chapin and JLuding- 
tries, besides nearly 
rock drills. Two steam 
power, a portion of 
Co. ' s. plant, supplied 



by Webster, Camp & Lane, with two reels carrying 2,500 feet of flat steel rope, can 
hoist, if need be, from that grim depth a heavy skip with ten tons of ore added, and 
lower you into that weird well of "illimitable possibilities," with less vibration than 
would disturb a compass, and so marvellously adjusted that its loaded bucket could 
light on a humming-bird's egg without cracking the shell. Such are the mines of the 
Menominee. 

Iron Ore, of Ishpeming, is authority for the statement, that since all the mines of 
the peninsula were first wrought $128,000,000 has been paid in dividends, etc., which is 
within 16 per cent, of those declared by all the mines of the states and territories west 
of the Mississippi river, exclusive of the bonanza period of the Comstock mines, but 
outside of that phenomenal time, inclusive. These figures it says, "are to be found, and 
considerable time has been spent in obtaining them." 

"Big profits are taken out of iron mines" says the Boston Herald. "The 
Schlesinger syndicate which purchased the Chapin mine two years ago and who paid 
$2,000,000 for the property, in the first year after its purchase, netted $1,000,000 to its 
owners." In 1890, according to the Wisconsin, the Norrie mine paid a cash dividend of 



The Menominee Iron Range. 65 



88.25 per share, besides a stock dividend of 25 per cent. From a review of the Lake 
Superior iron ore stock market of 1890, published in the Engineering and Mining Journal, 
I clip the following instances illustrative of profit, giving a number to each mine in place 
of its name: 

Cash value of each 825 share, December, 1890, No. 1, $160; No. 2, §110; No.- 3, 
899; No. 4, $75; No. 5, $70; No. 6, $60; No. 7, $40; No. 8, $35. 

With this array of facts and figures, but a threadbare presentation of the commercial 
wonders of exceptional Menominee, I hurry to introduce you to its developing cities — 
very gourds of Jonah — which are now unfurling the standard of their resources, not 
doubting but that you may be tempted to migrate to their hills of hope, whereon they 
have planted for your rallying allegiance a profitable flag of trade. 

TABLE 

Showing the World's annual production of Pig Iron at the four periods of eleven 
years since 1856 to 1889 and for 1890, based on official returns, and for the year 1900, as 
estimated by Mr. Edward Atkinson. 

Also showing the Iron Ore product of the Menominee Range for the years 1878, 
1889 and 1890, from official returns, together with a yearly estimated product up to 1900, 
based on an assumed annual increase of 10 per cent, and 20 per cent, respectively: 

WORLD'S PRODUCTION MENOMINEE RANGE PRODUCTION 
OF IRON. OF IRON ORE. 

856 6,000,000 tons. 

867 8,400,000 tons. • 

14,117,902 tons. 1878 78,000 tons. 



.24,869,534 tons. 1889 1,796,764 tons. 

27,146,000 tons. 1890 2,282,277 tons. 



900— Estimated 50,000,000 tons. 

ESTIMATED ANNUAL INCREASE IN PRODUCT, MENOMINEE RANGE. 

AT TEN PER CENT. AT TWENTY PER CENT. 

891 $2,510,504 1891 $ 2,738,731 

892 2,761,554 1892 3,022,622 

893 3,037,709 1893 3,627,146 

894 3,341,479 1894 4,352,574 

895 3,675,626 1895 5,223,088 

896 4,043,188 1896..: 6,267,704 

897 4,447,506 1897 7,521,244 

898 4,892,256 1898 9,025,492 

899 5,381,481 1899 10,830,590 

900 5,919,629 1909 12,996,708 

Note. — The total increase in the production of Iron Ore in the whole Lake Superior District last year 
was 40 per cent, over that of 1889. In the whole of the United States the increase in production of Pig 
Iron for the year 1889, as compared with 1888, was 17 per cent., and for 1890 as compared with 1889, 21 
per cent. In 1890, as compared with 1880, it has increased 153 per cent. In December, 1889, the unsold 
stock of all kinds of pig iron in the United States at close of year was 277,401 tons. In December, 1890, 
the unsold stock amounted to 681,992 tons. 

In 1890 the production of iron ore in Great Britain had decreased from that of the 
previous year by over 6 per cent. 

With the world's increasing want and Britain's diminishing supply, insufficient for 
her native consumption, the accelerating demand for iron ore — made imperative by nat- 
ural increase of population and creation of new uses — will tax American mines to their 
full capacity. An estimated ten per cent, per annum increase in the output of the 
Menominee, is the natural increment for a decade, based on the population which her 
present production bears to the rest of the world. • 

What will the marketable product be in 1900? Six million or thirteen million tons? 
Either of these ultimate conditions present fortunes to all who may embark in any cog- 
nate industry in the Menominee. 



CHAPTER V. 

Tl>e Menominee Range. 

It 1 } Citie^ : — TI>etr Inda<;tries and tf)eir Resources. 
THE TOWN OF NORWAY. 




S jsfe. j|r /*\vER 

=1# A^^J^MS V7 faint 



r ER the hill-tops — through a luminous 
haze that leads to the belief that all 
the incense from all the censers swung by 
all the priests since Aaron had been blown there 
— over the pencilled outline of the purple iron 
range, through grass green tamarack boughs, and 
brown bark of fir-trees, come shafts of expiring 
sunlight. These stain the autumn leaves a deeper 
crimson and lend to Waucedah a glory not entirely 
its own, as you catch a glimpse of its condition through 
the window of your Pulman, as the Chicago & North- 
western night express comes to a standstill. 

Waucedah is in Breen township; is a station on the 
Iron River branch of the C. & N-W. Ry., eleven miles 
from Powers, the junction of the Northern Michigan 
branch of the same road and 316 miles from Chicago, and about the same numerical 
amount in feet of altitude above Lake Michigan. It is north of Chicago; it is about 300 
miles east of Minneapolis and about 160 miles west by rail from Sault St. Marie. These 
are variously well known points, hence any student of latitudes should be able without 
the aid of an atlas, to locate the gateway to the Menominee Range. 

In 1866, the Breen Bros., as may be remembered, discovered the mine which bears 
their name. Its history I have followed. To-day a new shaft 160 feet deep has been 
sunk within thirty rods or so of the old one, alongside the original "Dublin shaft," out 
of which 2000 tons of blue bessemer have been raised this season. Of this, 1,500 tons 
have been sold to the Joliet steel works. The Loeffelholtz Mining Co. of Milwaukee 
are the lessees, who are pursuing a systematic exploration of the locality, and are well 
satisfied with the outlo ok. 

Waucedah of course is on the extreme eastern outskirt of the range, and the 
apparent richness of more western points has interfered with its righteous development. 




68 The Menominee Iron Range. 

The mine referred to, which is of course but an "exploration" in the mining sense of 
the term, is the only shaft at present operating, and employs but a handful of miners. 
Waucedah's chief present claim to notoriety rests in its possession of timber limits, and 
farms. Over 1,500 men are employed in its winter lumber camps in which the Holmes, 
the Spaldings, the Kirby Carpenters, the Menominee River Lumber Co. and others are 
interested. Waucedah trembling on the rim of eastern civilization and western devel- 
opment, remains immature. It has a population of 150, a post office, presided over by 
the pioneer prospector Mr. Saxton, and is visited by Catholic priest and Methodist 
minister at reasonable intervals. It is claimed, and with sound reason, that the explo- 
rations have all been limited to surface ones, and that if the true value of its treasure is 
desired it must be sought at a reasonable depth below the crust. Capital and labor are 
both needed in the development of a mine. Waucedah consists topographically of the 
N. W. % of the N. E. % and the N. W. % of the N. W. % of Sec. 22, T. 39, R. 28. 

Waucedah is waiting to be hypnotized. 

Seven miles from Waucedah by rail, in which interval you dip down over and up 
the valley of the Sturgeon river, noted for its speckled trout and the blue bucks which 
throng its forests, and you reach Vulcan. Vulcan is an adjunct of Norway town and 
rests its recognized claim to importance 349 feet above lake water. Here are the head- 
quarters of the great Penn Mining Co., whose properties. extend to and beyond Norway, 
from which it is two miles distant. The Penn properties consist of the mines purchased 
from the Menominee Mining Co. in 1885, the East and West Vulcan, the Norway, 
Cyclops, together with the Curry, Brier Hill and the Harrison. In March last the shaft 
of the West Vulcan was destroyed by fire. A new shaft is now being sunk which will 
reach the old workings at a depth of 1000 feet. You are now within the charmed circle 
of irondom, and evidences of the industry are universally apparent. The high grey 
frames of open shaft houses, or the red towers of the enclosed ones, break the outline 
of the hill range which extends at alternating altitudes to beyond Iron Mountain. The 
sky line of these broken ridges is scarred with the banderoles of black smoke which 
pour from lofty iron stacks, and amid a clanging of bells and shrieking of locomotives, 
the rattle of empty ore cars and the more ponderous roar of loaded ones, you pull up at 
the Norway railway station ready for an investigation of its possibilities. 

The town of Norway was only incorporated as such during the present summer, 
previous to which it was a portion of the township bearing its name. Its area at the 
present time, inclusive of the township, is 5,760 acres, consisting of sections 31, 32, 33 
of T. 40, R. 29, and sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, of T. 39, R. 29. The acreage inside the 
city limits according to Engineer Hellberg is nine square miles, but the acres as platted 
are 306 only. Of the 16 miles of named streets, four miles are graded, and equipped with 
10,206 feet of sidewalk. The sewers under progress, so far have been laid 1,400 feet. 
About 30 acres of the town plat lies on a dry level, about 60 is sandy and hilly, the 
remaining 166 acres being of a sandy loam with an average of ten to twenty feet above 
the swamp level. It is connected with Iron Mountain by telephone, and has a local 
exchange with 27 subscribers, the central station being located in the drug store of Mr. 
Patenaude, County Coroner. Its total assessment, real and personal, amounts to $420- 
000. It is 326 miles from Chicago, and at the level of the railway track, which rests 
slightly above the lower or south end of the town, is 379 feet above Lake Michigan. It 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



6g 



is notable throughout the state as having within its limits the oldest, and some of the 
most important mines on the range, including the Penn Co.'s famous string of pro- 
ducers, and the renowned Aragon. 

From the track going west, lies upon your right the old village location, now the 
site of the present business centre. To the south extend the additions to Norway 
proper, viz.: Fredrickton, Ingallsdorf, South Norway and Brier Hill — I have wished, 
longed I may say, to spell that word "Briar," but no one in Norway would allow me. 
Scattered over the newer property are the evidences of a newer era, modern residences 
and the less pretentious cottages of some of the mining population. Newly graded 
streets streak its fallow acres, and a school house and a church or two relieve the gray 
greens of its distant timber-scape which flanks the butte-like banks of the noisy Menom- 
inee, only two miles to its south. Upon your right and to the north is planted, as 1 




The "Current" Block. 

say, the older town site, demonstrated in the blocks of red brick business houses which 
rise above the more sober frame stores and which lend a metropolitan look to Norway, 
which Carl Wendel, when he platted the village in the spring of 1879, little dreamed of. 

A large portion of this original town site rested in a swamp, an unfilled but dried 
up portion of which, yet extends in a belt of about 100 yards from the depot alongside 
the railway embankment to the Harrison exploration, the sinking of which shaft under 
so many difficulties, I have referred to. From this embankment and between the points 
named, the plateau extends within the arc of a gigantic bow, the curve of which is 
formed by the bases of the hill-range which shelter the town from the north. 

Within this well drained basin and partly on the ascent, rests the business portion 
of the town and the "Swamp Mine," whilst on hillside and summit are the dwelling 
houses of the "Norwegians" and the sites of the Penn Mines from the Black Hills on the 
west to the Brier Hill on the east, not including the Curry or the three Vulcans which 



70 The Menominee Iron Range. 



are further east still. Norway rejoices in some beautiful drives. Along the state road to 
Iron Mountain and east through Vulcan to the junction of the Sturgeon with the 
Menominee and the great falls, this well traveled highway runs a ribband of dead gold, 
banded on either side with the chrome green of forest, gleaming wall of white granite, 
the silver tissues of highland streams, scarred at intervals with the banked output of 
abandoned explorations — mounds of purple brown and bright heliotrope — emphasized 
with the ripe temptation of wild fruits and the scarlet oriflammes of autumn rowan 
berries. Hire a "top buggy" from Keating, the liveryman, and carry a frame with 
you to imprison the picture. 

The origin of the name is a matter of some dispute, whether it was called in honor 
of the nationality of the founder, or out of respect for the monarchs of the forest from 
out the shades of which it was hewed, remains undetermined. Its platting, however, 
did not precede its shipping of ore, for in the fall of 1877, in October, the Vulcan and 
Cyclops shipped 4,593 tons, at about the same time that the Breen shipped its 5,812 
tons from Waucedah. In 1877, according to Mr. Anton Odell, who is one of the 
earliest settlers, all was forest, swamp and lake, no houses, the autocratic Lake Supe- 
rior Ship Canal Co. being lord of the manor. In far-sighted pursuit of the dollar the 
Chicago and Northwestern Railway syndicate had pushed — in more senses than one — 
their iron road as far as Quinnessec, and roused with the rattle of car wheels the big 
mallards that haunted the sequestered pools of Lake Hanbury. In 1877 came the 
Menominee mineral adventists, bond and free, digging here and digging there, fully 
determined that neither the ferruginous cliffs or their own constitution should longer be 
permitted to rust out. This band of true developers — absolutely distinct from the league 
of land developing corporations — soon smote the rich barriers to some purpose and 
made the janitor of these mountains of Bessemer incontinently surrender his trust. By 
1880 the "400" of the literally "first families" had doubled by immigration; boarding 
houses sprung up, stores were established, dram shops thrown open to a thirsty public 
and an all round "land office business" participated in. As an instance of the pros- 
perity of these early timers, Anton Odell is a proof. He reached the scene of action in 
1877, in time to help the sinking of the first test pit at the "Old Norway Mine." His 
investments consisted at that time only of what, outside the lexicon, is called "horse 
sense" and hope. In 1888 he rebuilt the Current Brick Block, at a cost of $17,000, 
and this upon the ashes of the fire which had leveled the town. In 1885 half an acre 
of land, not far from the Aragon mine, purchased the preceding year for $250 was sold 
for $2,000. In 1890 seven acres in South Norway, bought for $700 in 1884, was sold for 
$4,000. This will give a key to values. In 1877 — a range chronological peg on which 
to hang much data — the only and original doctor, McLeod, first filed an appearance, 
and probably his saw. Father Fox at the same time preached of mansions more endur- 
ing than tabernacles of hematite and doubtless paved the way for the first church and 
school house, built the following year. In 1878 Father Rosseau established the church 
parish of St. Mary. Anticipatory of these various blessings, Mr. M. Anderson, now 
alderman, was induced to follow the blazed trail from Vulcan — whilst the May mos- 
quitoes trumpeted his temerity — in 1877 and also worked on the first test-pits, and 
assisted Antoine Lynch to organize the first boarding house. At this distance from the 
river the forests had yet to receive the shivering innoculation of the woodman's axe. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 71 

The only fallen trees were those prostrate with senility, or storm snapped, or felled to 
build the supply roads constructed of corduroy, and which led to the mines. In 1881 
Mr. Anderson gave $525 for his property on Main street; it is now valued, improve- 
ments included, at $6,000. 

At this time the "location" was situated in the township of Breitung. In 1881, 
Norway township was organized, and on April 27, 1891, the town of Norway was incor- 
porated. In 1878, Mr. L. F. Springer, now conducting a large furniture business, 
reached the place, and like all of the incomers at that period sought employment in the 
mines. In 1878, the first saw mill on the Menominee Range was erected at Norway, by 
James and George O'Callaghan. Subsequently, John, another brother, entered the firm. 
The stumpage was purchased from the Canal Co. chiefly. From this date Norway 
entered upon a new era of development. Notwithstanding that the mills have been 
twice burned — once in 1881 and again in 1888, they are to-day, with new machinery, 
doing a larger business than ever. Their chief output consists of long timber for rail- 
road bridging and timbers for the mines. Lumber runs up all the way from $10 to $35, 
and $40 a thousand. The capacity of the present mills is 40,000 feet per diem. The 
logs are hauled from one to three miles. The available pine, however, is diminishing 
daily, and a local yield of but five years is now left. On the general subject of the 
Menominee lumber trade, I shall refer at greater length elsewhere. Noble stretches of 
hardwood lend their valuable aid to Norway's list of industrial possibilities. Maple and 
rock elm at present are largely utilized for flooring, and for finishing purposes, the birch 
that "waves and weeps" in the thickets that hem the Sturgeon river, is difficult to 
equal. To the north and on Pine Creek — one and a half miles from town — there is a 
glorious block of 3,000 acres, covered with magnificent hardwood, and upon which there 
should be thriving homesteads, were it not for the policy of the Lake Superior Canal Co,, 
which by its conservatism places a monopolist's bar to settlement. In places, however, 
there are farms which would do credit to eastern districts; but as the roads are excellent, 
and the market for every description of agriculturalproduct adjacent and most remun- 
erative, there is inviting room for the granger, and he can count on a hearty reception. 

On the old state road to the town of Menominee at the river's mouth, some sixty 
miles distant, there are some splendid farms, many of which are operated by lumbering 
firms, and used as a summer resort for their stock. Here also are raised the oats, 
potatoes, and other roots, consumed by the logging camps, and by the farm hands. But 
little beef is raised on the range, the most of all the meat being shipped from Chicago 
in refrigerator cars, and retailed by the butchers at from ten to fifteen cents. 

On the S. y 2 of N. E. % of Sec. 15, T. 39, R. 29, are spread the fruitful acres 
of Lew Whitehead's Gold Hill farm, whose sloping lands rise ridgeways in the centre 
to an elevation which leaves Lake Hanbury a blue blanket 250 feet below. North and 
across the track the iron range cuts the sky line over 700 feet above Lake Michigan, 
from which elevation as you follow its purple green rim, the mining shaft spires from 
East Vulcan to Norway, split the endless walls of ether. Quartz with a showing of gold 
was found on the hillside, hence the name. 

The farm of the Menominee River Lumber Co., known as the New York farm has 
been worked for the last fourteen years. It is about five miles from Norway, and has 
700 acres under cultivation, and is typical of many others in this section of the country. 



7 2 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



This year, thirteen acres produced 4,000 bushels of potatoes, the oat crop was 4,300 
bushels and averaged 50 to the acre. Carrots, beets and mangold are raised in 
profusion. One hundred horses pastured out this summer. The buildings are modern 
and very costly, and 25 farm hands are kept busy attending to the crops and the stock. 
This year the company's logging camps are away up at Amassa, above Crystal Falls, to 
which place milk and other such delicacies have been shipped twice a week. Mr. 
Juneau is the local Laban in charge. Dotting the neighboring townships are not a few 
prosperous homesteads, the farm products from which find a ready sale at their natural 
market in Norway. 

The first postoffice was opened at Ingallsdorf in 1879, with C. B. Knowlton in 
charge. Mr. R. M. Sampson, the present postmaster, rates the yearly business now at 
the following figures: Letters received. 120,000; letters mailed, 72,000; papers received, 
54,000; papers mailed, 33,600. A pretty good evidence of the quality of its inhabitants. 



The money orders sold 
the ordinary business 
In 1879, Captain John 
ber for Menominee in 
fives, arrived in the inter- 
ing Co. , to manage the old 
on Section 4. This was 
13,495 tons was shipped 
same summer the first 
being resurrected from the 
Iron Home of Ishpeming. 
N- White — named after 
plorers, is under the control 
physician to the Aragon 
for the Chicago and North- 
this connection it may be 




Mr. R. C. Flannigan. 



amount to §3,080, and 
to about $3,600 a year. 
Perkins, the sitting mem- 
the House of Representa- 
ests of the Cleveland Roll- 
Saginaw mine, opened up 
re-named the Perkins, and 
during the year. This 
newspaper was issued, it 
remains of the defunct 
A hospital — the Byron 
another of the early ex- 
of Dr. C. D'A. Wright, 
mine, and district doctor 
western railway, and in 
well to "mention that it is 



a fact that the management of the various mines throughout the Norway district are 
generously prompt in disbursing money for the safety of their men. 

In the winter of 1879-80, the village scored a notch in mining advancement by 
placing an electric light plant in the Norway mine to facilitate the open pit work then 
in progress, the first of its kind on the Menominee Range. The rays of its incandescence 
operated like a beacon guide, for co-temporary with its introduction, many of the now 
leading lights of Norway flocked to share in the wonders which it revealed, like moths 
to a candle, and a boom in mining development started. From this time on, business 
men of various callings visited the place only to cast anchor. The strangers within its 
gates accumulated and by 1883 had reached 3,000 souls. In 1880, Mr. Jas. H. Gee — 
for sometime afterward township clerk — dropped in, and established the business which 
has assumed its present proportions in his brick block worth $5,000. Richard Oliver 
came at the same time and still continues business at the old stand. John Eklund also 
saw there was money in it and remained to stay. In 1882 came Richard Browning; in 
1883, Wm. Ramsdell arrived embarking in business on his own account in 1888, and was 
lately elected first treasurer of the newly organized city. All have prospered. In 1880, 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



73 



Mr. R. C. Flannigan opened his law office in Norway, and by his enterprise and liberality 
of idea has done much to promote its stability. He was prosecuting attorney from 1880 
to 1886, and is to-day regarded as one of the brightest lawyers in the peninsula, and at 
the head of his profession in the Range. In April of 1891 Mr. Flannigan was elected 
first mayor of Norway. In 1884, Mr. Geo. O'Callaghan took up his permanent residence 
in the town and laid out Callaghan's addition; besides this property he owns consid- 
erable realty in Ingallsdorf, for the lots in which he is finding a ready sale at from $150 
to $300, located as they are within half a mile of the postoffice. In 1881, Capt. H. J. 
Colwell, one of the best known mining experts in the Menominee, embraced Norway- 
citizenship with all its opportunities. The prospects at Felch Mountain were waning 
and he sought Norway as the securest harbor of refuge, and in partnership with Mr. 
Callaghan purchased 80 acres of village property from Carl Wendell, who owned the 
surface right as stated. Captain Colwell' s opinion is entitled to respect. He has known 
the peninsula for thirty years and the range since its discovery, and pins his faith on 

Norway's mineral and in- 1 . dustrial future. He came 

in 1887, with Mr. Angus 



in "on the ground floor " 
Smith of Milwaukee, 
mine, and is at present 
derickton, Lakeside and 
Subsequent to the 
prior to 1887 the date of 
celebrated Aragon, there 
mercial lassitude; with its 
ation of confidence. From 
had little market value, 
tance and worth ; corner 
changed hands at $200 a 
increasing up to date, 
fortunes ebbed no longer. 




Mr. James B. Knight. 



president of the Aragon 
time agent for the Fre- 
Ingallsdorf properties, 
"boom" of 1880-3 an( i 
the discovery of the now 
had been a period of corn- 
development came restor- 
this time property which 
suddenly rose in impor- 
lots then held at #200, 
foot, with value steadily 
The flood of Norway's 
As a herald of this redun- 
H. Rowe in 1886, estab- 



dant prosperity came Jos. 
lishing in that year his hotel on Summit avenue. The great urban fire of the following 
year, though it laid the town in ashes and reduced his hotel to a cinder, kindly spared Mr. 
Rowe. His present rest for the weary, with "every modern convenience" challenges 
the traveller as he traverses Cyclops avenue from the depot townwards. Should you 
ever visit Norway — as of course you will after reading this — don't fail to call upon my 
genial friend "Joe Rowe." 

Meanwhile Mr. James B. Knight, who had severed his connection with the Penn 
Mining Co. because interested in the publication of the Current, the editorial and 
proprietory responsibilities of which he assumed by purchase in 1886. That his efforts 
towards developing an interest in the great Iron Range by his reliable representations 
of the mineral out-look, have not been wasted, is evidenced by the estimation in which 
the paper and its publisher are held. In the management of the Current the proprietor 
is ably abetted by his popular co-adjutor, Mr. J. McNaughton, assistant editor. In 
1887 Mr. Knight was appointed Inspector of Mines for the county. 

In 1878 the town was demolished by a consuming fire. It was a red letter day in 



74 The Menominee Iron Range. 

its truest sense though, for bricks, mortar and masonry immediately were pressed into 
service, and at once imparted the metropolitan air which to-day possesses the place. 
1 have given you an outline of its growth, let me now briefly present its actualities and 
possibilities. 

To-day, with its tributary mines, etc., it has a population of about 4,000 people. 
The majority of these are engaged in mining, in farming, in the woods, the saw mill, 
and on the railway, and the ordinary business of the city. The streets are well graded, 
well sidewalked, and well drained. It is essentially a healthy place. The drinking 
water is at present supplied by wells, and is pure. For fire protection the adit built by 
the Perm Co. to carry away the surface water from the mines, yields an inexhaustible 
supply, and replenishes the reservoirs throughout the town, and keeps the big ditch, 
which flows by the Fire Hall, level full. The fire department, which is provided over 
by F. Alich, maintains an efficient staff. The rate of fire insurance is one per cent. 
The township taxes have so far been three per cent. The city rate has not yet been 
struck. Several lakes fed by flowing springs beautify the town. Lake Mary at 
Fredrickton is 100 feet deep. At Lakeview is another picturesque sheet of water. For 
the protection of life and property there is a small but efficient police force — two police- 
men under the marshalship of W. J. Bunt. The bars of the lock-up are rusty through 
disuse. Dr. O. M. Sattre, who with Dr. Jones is physician for the Penn Co., is also 
health officer, complains of lack of practice in medicine. The citizens are in 
disgustingly good health. Of churches there are a plethora. There is a Swedish 
Lutheran, a Swedish Methodist, and a Swedish Baptist; there is an Episcopal Methodist 
and two Roman Catholic edifices, one French and the other Italian. Mr. Bergman, 
Mr. Edwards and Father Reinhardt, severally look after the welfare of these congre- 
gations. The Roman Catholic church and school house stands on the lofty hill-top 
across the track, reached by three long flights of steps, from the railway station, and 
commands a splendid view of the surrounding country. The property consists of three 
acres, upon which also stands the church school, conducted by the Sisters of St. Francis, 
with Sister Cassiana in charge, and an attendance of nearly 200 children. The local 
Board of Education is presided over by Mayor Flannigan and consists of eight other 
members, viz.: Messrs. Per Larsson, D. A. Stewart, James O'Callaghan, And. Rein- 
ward, G. A. Hellberg and R. C. Browning. 

Mr. S. B. Tobey is the superintendent, and aided by nine lady teachers instructs a 
daily average of 325 children, representing thirteen different nationalities. These, 
however, soon acquire the English tongue, which, by means of object lessons is quickly 
imparted. There are two school houses, one on Nelson street the other at the Curry 
mine. A new brick school house of modern design is now being built on the Brier Hill 
addition, at a cost of $19,000, and here Mr. Jansen is offering some beautiful lots at from 
$150 to §175. Here also south of the track and east and west of Main street the Sweed- 
ish Lutherans are erecting a new and handsome church and parsonage. On Main 
street the Hotel Husson, with its accomodation for forty guests and modern equip- 
ments, offers every convenience for tourists or travelers under Mr. Aug. Husson's man- 
agement. The leading lines of trade are ably represented, and when the mines are 
producing at full capacity,, business is booming. 

Whilst no especial invitation is given to retail merchants, Norway has singular 
inducements to offer the managers of industrial enterprises. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



75 



It is in the centre of a magnificent section of hardwood timber, suitable for manu- 
facture into every class of woodenware, large quantities of which are required on the 
range, and on which the consumer now pays double freight. Within two miles of its 
post-office flows the Menominee, with water ready to volunteer its thousands of horse- 
power. At present the nearest machine shop or foundry is Marinette or Milwaukee, to 
either of which places, everything has to be sent for repairs. The authorities offer a 
free site for the establishment of such an industry, and are ready in every legitimate way 
to encourage business enterprises and they invite capital to consider the nature of the 
business benefits the)' feel they are justified in promising. 

The Aragon Mine. 
The Aragon mine is located on N. ^ of N. E. ^, Sec. 8, leased from estate of H. 
Seager, S. L. Smith, T. L. Chadbourne and J. A. Hubbell; also on N. y 2 of N. W. %, 
Sec. 9, leased from Brier Hill Mining Co. It employs about 264 men. It is equipped 
with two hoisting shafts, one 6x14 feet with double skip-road and one 7x15 with double 
cage-road, and a timber shaft 5x10, 340 feet deep. The ore is first mined in rooms 
across formation, with pillars of ore left standing. Pillars and rooms are about 20 feet 



wide. All openings 
filled with rock or 
water from swamp 
from breaking into 
ore was found on 
levels, but the de- 
creased from third 
principal ore body 
up to 150 in width, 
hoisting plants 
foot drums, made 
& Lane of Akron, 
and one Norwalk 
30 No. 3 Rand 




are timbered and 
sand to prevent 
above ore body 
mine. But little 
first and second 
j posit has rapidly in- 
to fifth level. The 
is 300 feet long and 
is filled with two 
with five and six 
by Webster, Camp 
O., and one Rand, 
compressor driving 
Drills. A Worth- 



Nelson Street — Looking South. 
ington pump raises 500 gallons of water per minute from (fourth level) 340 feet. For 
pumping from fifth to fourth a No. 10 Cameron is used. 

The Aragon is a new producer, but is regarded by experts as a coming wonder. 
The officers of the company in Milwaukee are Angus Smith, President, Chas. Himrood, 
Chicago, Vice President, A. W. Wilkins, Secretary, Angus Smith, Treasurer. 

The Penn Mining Company. 
The property on which the Penn Co.'s mines are situated is leased from the 
Lake Superior Ship Canal Co., to whom a fixed royalty per gross tons is paid. The 
Penn Co. employs about 750 men. On the Brier Hill property, abandoned in 1883, 
explorations are now being renewed and together with the celebrated Harrison explora- 
tion, promises well. The Penn Co. controls a magnificent property and is one of the 
leading ore producing corporations on the range. President, P. Stackhouse; Vice 
President, Jno. Townsend; General Manager, Wm. Kelly, Vulcan; Secretary, Treasurer, 
Harvey Ellis. Head offices, Philadelphia. 



76 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



LIST OF MINES IN THE NORWAY DISTRICT. 



Name. 


Owners. 


Superintendent. 


First 
Shipments. 


CLASS OF ORE. 

Iron. Phos. 


Product 
1890. 


Total 
Output. 


Aragon 


Angus Smith et al 


Per Larsson . . . 


1889 


Ingalls 

Granada. . . . 


7° 

66 

65 

64 

64 


.015 

•45 

.60 

(.65 

( .80 






























46,609 


48,356 


















Blue 






(1891) 
2,000 










1877 
1882 
1879 
1877 
1877 
1879 
1879 
1887 
1877 








Brier Hill 


Penn Mining Co. 
Penn Mining Co. 
Penn Mining Co. 
Penn Mining Co. 
Penn Mining Co. 


Wm. Kelly. . . . 

Wm. Kelly 

Wm. Kelly. .. 

Wm. Kelly 

Wm. Kelly. . . . 








14,981 
190,474 

273,797 

1,242,496 

400,067 

39,350 

i9,4 4 

1,409,784 


Curry 

Cyclops 

Norway 


Bessemer.. . . 






72,162 
7.36i 
7,276 

11,971 














Stephenson.. . . 
Sturgeon River 




















Penn Mining Co. 


Wm. Kelly. . . . 








104,996 











Four miles west of Norway, at an elevation of 458 feet above Lake Michigan or sev- 
enty-nine feet nearer heaven lies picturesque Quinnesec, verdant and pastoral and printed 
in letters of grass which to-day unworn by trafic over-runs its sidewalks. The story of its 
early creation under Mr. Buell has been written. It was platted in 1875 and the Whit- 
beck addition pinned on in 1877-8; a hotel and school house was built the same year by 
Mr. Buell, who practically, though young in years, is the patriarch of the village. In 
the spring of 1877 the railway reached its limits, and the first paper, the Quinnesec 
Reporter, under Mr. Penberthy's editorship was founded. Quinnesec fairly hummed 
with industry for a while, and is historically remarkable as being the point at which a 
large number of the now prominent men of the range first engaged in business, 
and the point from which, at the time of its apparently final decadence, they fled. The 
output of its mine gradually diminished, its operators declaring that its ore bed was 
closing out, whilst per contra their were others who insisted that it was the manage- 
ment who were thus effected. Be this as it may, most of the passengers deserted the 
sinking ship. After producing 283,323 tons of ore the mine was abandoned. With 
implicit confidence in the hidden possibilities of the place Mr. Buell, renewed his explo- 
rations last November, and with a diamond drill on the west line of the town, on the 
N. y 2 , Sec. 3, T. 39, R. 30, within a hop, skip and jump from the school house door, 
308 feet below the surface, revealed a fine grained magnetic ore, the first of its kind 
developed on the range. In conjunction with Dr. Crowell and Mr. J. T. Jones of the 
Hamilton Ore Co., a two cage working shaft is now being sunk, and from an analysis 
of the ore the promoters are justly enthusiastic over the discovery. The vein is 
declared to be seventy feet wide and its product Bessemer. Mr. Buell asserts very 
positively that the usual method of surface exploration is bound to be disappointing; 
the true ore bed must be sought in the depths below, and if this system js pursued the 
whole country from Vulcan to the Menominee river west, which is in no sense explored, 
should be found to be full of profitable metalliferous deposit. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



77 



Before I take you any further west, it is but right that I should introduce you to the 
railway which has brought you thus far, and of whose extraordinary transportation 
facilities you have but faint conception. It first reached Quinnesec in 1877 and carried 
from the range for eastern furnaces 78,028 tons of ore. In 1890 it conveyed to the port 
of Escanaba, past Waucedah, from Norway and points on the Menominee and other 
iron ranges west, 3,792,009 tons of ore, besides taking the lion's share of 1,321,544 tons 
shipped by all rail to Chicago and elsewhere. 

That the Chicago and Northwestern moves in a mysterious way and performs won- 
ders is a fact acknowledged by the traveler whose business or pleasure takes him to the 
solemn woods of Michigan. I have already related the intimate connection which this 
viaduct — forever sounding with the hum of unceasing travel — bears to the ore develop- 
ment of the Menominee, for it was the vanguard of the army of commercial salvation 
which invaded the ranges and awakened their slumbering possibilities to a proper sense 
of trade responsibility. 




Vulcan and Curry Mines, Penn Mining Co. 



The man who originally declared that trade followed the flag, failed to make his 
excellent axiom wholly complete. The flag, par excellence, which beckons trade, is the 
inviting ensign which floats from every locomotive that hauls a train over the steel rails 
of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, and its vast railway system signally demon- 
strates this. In 1850 trains were first run over the Galena and Chicago Union Railway, 
consisting of only 42 miles of track. To-day you can travel over its road-bed for 7,000 
miles and traverse nine states and territories without exhausting the mileage published 
in its time cards. Of this total there are 14 miles in N. Dakota, 130 in Wyoming, 382 
in Michigan, 820 in Minnesota, 998 in S. Dakota, 1,272 in Nebraska, 1,344 in Iowa, 
1,506 in Wisconsin and 594 in Illinois. In a word it gridirons the country of its occu- 
pation, and receives a tribute from the varied resources of the latitudes exploited. It 



78 The Menominee Iron Range. 

holds as it were in the interests of progress, a trade commission issued by the world of 
commerce, to develop the discoveries of the mineral explorer, the pine hunter and the 
husbandman, and connect the centres of trade. It penetrates the ore lands and wakes 
the echoes of the sombre forests of Michigan ; it rouses with its whistle the prairie 
farmers of Minnesota, whose golden wheat lands bow to its advent ; it encourages the 
corn sheller of Iowa and offers him profitable barter for his yellow grain ; it stirs Wis- 
consin into rivalry with her adjacent states, cementing in friendly competition aggressive 
"wolverine" and industrious "badger;" it infuses hope and contentment in the minds 
of the ranchers of Nebraska and Wyoming, and incites the prospectors of the latter 
territory into renewed effort to "strike" more oil; it affords vigorous Dakota admirable 
opportunity to discharge the metallic wealth of its famed Black Hills ; it measurably 
assists to develop Colorado's boundless possibilities, and forges the link of direct trade 
between Portland, on Oregon's Pacific slope, and Chicago, mistress of the greatest 
saltless seas in Christendom. It conveys the merchant pressed for time and hurrying 
to complete his western engagements, by a transit of wonderful rapidity to the twin 
giants of St. Paul and Minneapolis ; it connects with close alphabetical touch Chicago 
and Denver, and permits the world's sight-seer to explore at his leisure the famed 
diorama of the Yellowstone National Park, which eclipses with its vistas the sacred 
Euphrates. 

You can reach San Francisco direct from Chicago without leaving your Pullman, or 
you can visit Pierre, the capital of South Dakota, by an uninterrupted highway which 
knocks into smithereens the celebrated " street called straight " in Damascus. Nearly 
1,200 locomotives and 38,000 cars are necessary to transport the passengers, mail and 
freight originating at the 1,300 stations on its line. It requires 1,000 conductors with 
heroic zeal to guard its trains, 150 of which, with 25,000 passengers daily arrive and 
depart from the great central passenger station at Chicago. It conveys the products of 
a country of inexhaustible natural resource, a very empire of staple products, and is 
awaiting to-day to carry you into the heart of the Menominee to help to develop with 
your aggressive manhood, your labor and your capital, the richest fields of Bessemer in 
the universe. 

The Chicago and Northwestern is the only road which has direct connection with 
Norway or its eastern points, and the business man, the tourist or the sportsman may 
rest complete confidence in the management of its vast system which will land him at 
the objective point of his desire. Its vestibuled coaches, its dining cars, its smooth 
road bed and its bridges of steel, guarantee him the greatest luxury of modern travel and 
a safe and pleasant interruption to his journeyings when he halts to investigate the 
magnetic influences of wonderful Iron Mountain. 



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The City ok Norway, 



The City of Norway is situated in the heart of the Menominee Range, and the 
first building was erected in 1877. The city which contains about 4,000 inhabitants, is 
surrounded by Iron Mines, among which are the Cyclops, Norway, Perkins, Stephenson, 
Aragon, Harrison, Brier Hill, Curry and Vulcan. 

It is situated about two miles from the Menominee river, which divides Michigan 
from Wisconsin. The Chicago & Northwestern, and the Iron Mountain, Escanaba & 
Western railways pass through it. 

It is surrounded by good Farming' lands, and no one who has undertaken to till the 
soil, has failed to reap a rich reward. 

The lands when taken up, have usually been heavily wooded and have yielded a 
good profit in Cord Wood, Telegraph Poles, Posts, Ties, Hemlock Bark and Sawlogs. 

A ready Market is found for all these and succeeding crops, and to the seeker after 
a comfortable home, the locality presents unusual attractions. 

The city is the most healthy on the range, and has many beautiful Building sites- 
Some of these situated on the banks of its deep picturesque Lakes cannot be surpassed. 

It has five Churches of different denominations and four School Houses- By a 
recent vote of the people a $19,000 High School building is now being erected. 

All the prominent benevolent Societies are represented, and socially the community 
is second to none in the state. 

While the Mining Industry will always be the principal one, the opportunities for 
the establishment of Wooden Ware factories, Sash, Door and Blind factories, Lime 
Kilns and numerous smaller enterprises, are unlimited. 

Norway would be an excellent point for the establishment of a small Foundry and 
Repair Shop, as its proximity to the Mines insures a good business. For this purpose 
a suitable site would be donated. 

City Officials. 

Hon. R. C. Flannigan, Mayor. 

Board of Aldermen : 

Capt. Thomas Oliver, Malcolm Anderson, 

J. B. Knight, Dr. C. D'A. Wright, 

Francis Blackwell, A. Sparapani, 

E. J. Quarnstrom, Frank Sala. 

W. M. Ramsdell, Treasurer. Charles Swanson, Clerk. Donald Cameron, Attorney. 

John Bunt, Marshal. Frank Ahlich, Chief of Fire Deft. Dr. O. M. Sattre, Health Officer. 

justices of Peace 
P. Flanagan, Thomas Hay, William Wilcox, Alexis Patenaude. 



NORWAY BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 



CLASSIFIED LIST OF ADVERTISERS. 



Attorneys and Justices — 

Cameron, Don. 

Patenaude, A. 

Druggists — 

FlNNEGAN, Ed. 

Patenaude, A. 

Dry Goods — 

Gee, Jas. H. 
Lustfield Bros. 

Furniture — 

Springer, L. F. & Co. 

General Merchandise — 

Browing, Lindahl & Co. 
Perkins, Jno. & Son. 

Groceries and Crockery — 

Anderson, M. 



Hardware — 

Ramsdell, Wm. 

Hotel— 

Husson, A. 

Insurance — 

O'Callaghan, T. 

Jeweler — 

Eckxund, Jno. 

Livery — 

Keating, J. M. 

Manufacturers — 

O'Callaghan Bros. 

Newspaper — 

The Current. 



Photographers — 

Bordewich & Eskill. 



COLWELL, H. J. 

Jansen, F. A. 
O'Callaghan, Geo. 

Stationery and Notions — 
Sampson, R. M. 

Tailor— 

Gardiner, H. F. 

Wines and Liquors — 
Odill, Anton. 
Oliver, R. C. 
Rowe, Joseph. 



GEORGE O'CALLAGHAN, 



-DEALER IN- 



LUMBER 



STUMPAGE AND WILD LANDS FOR SALE. 



REAL ESTATE. 



Choice Building Lots for Sale in the City 
of Horway. O'Callaghan's Addition 
to Norway and to the Town of 
Ingallsdorf consisting of 
Residences and Busi- 
ness Properties, 



THE CURRENT 



A live weekly newspaper especially devoted to 
the publication of matters of interest connected with 
the exploration, development and progress of the 
Iron Range of the Upper Peninsula, and of the 
"Menominee Iron Range" in particular. 

This paper, besides being an excellent paper as 
regards local matters, is liberally electic and as 
such presents the leading current news and opinions 
on subjects of special interest to its large list of sub- 
scribers. 

As a recognized authority on Mining affairs, 
and reaching as it does nearly every mining camp 
on the Upper Peninsula, the Current presents an 
admirable medium for advertising mining Machinery. 

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE $2.00 PER YEAR. 

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION. 

J. B. KNIGHT, 

Editor and Prop'r. 

J. H. MACNRUGHTON, 

Ass't Editor. 



82 Business Directory of Norway, Mich. 



O'CALLAGHAN BROS. & CO. 



MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF 



Rough and Dressed Lumber 

shingles, posts, ties, 
LongJoist and Bridge Timbers, 



AND DEALERS IN 



SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, MOULDINGS, ETC, 
NORWAY, MICH. 



W. M. Ramsdell, Mgr. 

DEALER IN 

Shelf ^ Heavy Hardware, Mining* Lumbermen's Supplies 



TINWARE, TIN AND IRON ROOFING-, 

DOORS AND SASH, BRICK AND LIME, 

VILAS' PREPARED PAINTS, OILS, ETC. 



AGENT FOR DOMESTIC SEWING MACHINES. 



JAMES H. GEE, 

DEALER IN 

Dry • Goods, • Boots, • Shoes, @ Groceries 

AND 

GENERAL MERCHANDISE. 



FOREIGN EXCHANGE ON ALL PARTS OF EUROPE. OCEAN TICKETS, ETC. 



Business Directory of Norway, Mich. 



K. A. JANSON, 

MINING ENGINEER PENN IRON MINING CO. 

Examinations of and Reports made upon Mining Properties. 
NORWAY, MICH. 



REAL ES 1 



rp » m"n CITY lots for sale, choice business and residence 

A \ PROPERTY IN THE BE1AE HILL MINING CO.'S ADDITION, UPON 

ii 1 Jj WHICH PROPERTY IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION ARE 



TBE NEW CITY 



THE SWEDISH LUTHERAN CHDRCH, 



AND A NUMBER OF PRIVATE RESIDENCES. 



C0I2.E.ESI=03SrDE3;CrCB IlfcTVITEIX 



JOHN EKLUND, 

DEALER IN 

WATCHES, CLOCKS, JEWELRY, 

SILVER PLATED WARE, ETC. 

A Full Line of Musical Instruments. 

Repairing a Specialty. 



RICHARD C. OLIVER, 

Wines, Liquors and Cigars 

MAIN STREET, NORWAY. 



M. ANDHRSON, 



DEALER IN 



GROCERIES, CROCKERY, ETC. 

MAIN STREET, NORWAY, MICH. 



Adolph Ldstfield. Alfred Lustfield Chas. Ldstfield. 

"The Leader," 

LUSTFIELD BEOS., Props. 

MAMMOTH DRY GOODS AND GLOTHING EMPORIUM 

HEADQUARTERS FOR 

CARPETS, CLOAKS, HATS, SHOES, 
TRUNKS, FURNISHING GOODS, 

And all such Goods usually carried in a First 
Class Store. 



ONE PRICE CASH PLAIN FIGURES. 

THE LARGEST STORE IN NORWAY, MICH. 
CHAS. LUSTFIELD, Manager. 



ANTON ODILL, 

WHOLESALE 

WINES, LIQUORS AND CIGARS 

SALOON FIXTURES, ETC. 

Imported Wines, California Wines and 
Champagnes always on hand. 

SAMPLE ROOM AND WHOLESALE DEPT. 

Nelson Street, Norway, Mich. 



MY EETAIL BUSINESS WILL BE KEPT AS USUAL, 



The Best of Accommodations for the 
Traveling Public. 



Large Sample Room and Bath Rooms 
in Connection. 



Hotel Husson, 



A. HUSSON, Proprietor, 



Transient Rates, $2.00 per Day. Special Rates by the Week. 



Business Directory of Norway, Mich. 



H. J. COLWELL 



REAL ESTATE, 



Nelson Street, Nornay, Mich. 



NOTARY AND JUSTICE OP THE PEACE, COLLECTIONS PROMPTLY MADE 



A. PATENAUDE, 
DRUGGIST AND APOTHECARY 

DEALER IN 

TOILET ARTICLES, STATIONERY, 

WALL PAPER AND FANCY ARTICLES 
OF ALL KINDS. 

STOCK FRESH AND COMPLETE. 



DEALER IN ORGANS AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

Nelson Street, Norway, Mich. 



Prescriptions Carefully Compounded Day or Night. 



R. C. Browning. Carl A. Lindahl. John E. Anderson. 



Browning, LMahl & Co. 



General Merchandise, 



Main Street, 



Norway, Mich. 



DON CAMERON, 

ATTORNEY 

AND COUNSELOR AT LAW, 

NORWAY, MICH. 



City Attorney. 



RICHARD M.SAMPSON.Jr., 
POSTMASTER, 

Necl^vear, Fancy. 5 tationer V» 

Notions, 

Imported and Domestic Gcrars 

Main Street, Norway, Mich. 



Foreign Exchange. Tickets to all parts of Europe, 
etc., etc. 



L. E. SPRINGER & CO., 



DEALERS IN 



Parlor, Bed Room & Kitche n FU"RNT f ' "T"RE Bedding > w » w Shades, 

FHeUiro PrgiRaes, H,©is@ls, Ete. 

CORNER OF MAIN STREET AND SUNSET AVENUE, NORWAY, MICH. 



UNDERTAKING DEPARTMENT OPEN DAYpj»NIGHT. EMBALMING A SPECIALTY. 



Business Directory of Norway, Mich. 



85 



JOHN PERKINS 



SAMUEL PERKINS 



JOHN PERKINS & SON, 



-DEALERS IN 



GENERAL MERCHANDISE 

Established 1880. - - - Stock Complete in Every Like. 

:P:E:E^:EC:I:N"S , ZMZIItTIE LOCATION". 



NORWAY LIVERY STABLE, 

W J. KEATING, PROP'R. 

LIVERY 

Sale and Boarding Stable, 

Hearse and Carriages Furnished for 
Funerals. Special attention to 
Hunting, Camping and Fish- 
ing Parties. 

CTCLOPS A^TIElSrTTE, 



FINNEGAN'S 

DRUG STORE 

EDWARD FINNEGAN. PROP'R. 
GEE BUILDING, - MAIN STREET, 

PURE, FRESH DRUGS, 

PATENT MEDICINES, 

TOILET ARTICLES, 

STATIONERY, ETC. 

Prescriptions Carefully Compounded. 



NORWAY INSURANCE AGENCY 



THOS. O* 



\ ^OK^HtTT. 



Representing Seven of the Old and Leading Fire Insurance Cos. Accident Policies also Issued. 



BORDEWICH & ESKIL 



PHOTOGRAPHERS 

Crayon Portraits and Oil Paintings a Specialty. 
Photography in all its branches, Mining and 
Logging Views always on Hand. Photo- 
graphs from Life, and Copies, reduced 
or enlarged and finished in the 
finest style. 



NELSON STREET, 



NORWAY, MICH- 



JOSEPH RO WE, 



DEALER in 



Imported Wines 

LIQUORS tP CIGARS, 



CYCLOPS AVE., NORWAY, MICH. 



H. F. GARDINER, 

MERCHANT TAILOR 

MAIN STREET, - - NORWAY, MICH, 



CHAPTER V. 

(CONTINUED) 

THE CITY OF IRON MOUNTAIN. 





C. & N. W. Depot — Iron Mountain. 



OUR miles from Quinnesec, but 
T* still upwards, having gained 23 
feet of altitude in every mile of travel, 
and we reach the capital of Dickenson 
County, which rests its acres of undu- 
ating pleasantness 550 feet above the 
waters of Michigan. We are still at 
about the same relative distance from 
the river, but have reached the ter- 
minus of the abrupt spur of hills which 
determine the boundaries of the local Iron Mountain, and which — in the case of the 
pine clad cape, Green Mountain, which stands at gaze over the valley of the Menominee, 
some 250 feet above the surrounding territory on the west, and "Hughitts" which 
rises to about the same elevation on the east side of the town — lends an air of physical 
individuality to these mysterious vistas of country, the development of whose resources 
you are commencing to realize, are all in their callow infancy. 

The population of Iron Mountain in 1880 was less than 150; to-day it is over 9,000, 
and is one of the few towns of the peninsula which has increased its population by 
nearly 1,000 souls every year since the first day of its existence. Originally and for 
many years, part and parcel of, and within the boundaries of Menominee county, its 
singular qualifications which it shared in common with Norway were largely lost sight 
of, in its geographical relation to the county town, 70 miles to the southward. On the 
21st of May, 1891, agitation had its reward, and the promoters of its metropolitan 
interests had the satisfaction of seeing their efforts crowned with victory by the 
formation of the new county of Dickenson — carved out of the area of unwieldy existing 
ones — with its courts of justice, and its public institutions removed to the new centre of 
administration, Iron Mountain. Tho' this result had not been accomplished without 
political tergiversation — a great temporary source of editorial material for range journals 
— its accomplishment was accepted as the only legitimate solution of the condition of 
affairs, which necessitated on the part of the client, the law-giver, or the prospector 
needing adjudication of his claims, a Sabbath day's journey to remote Menominee town. 
Now as in this chapter descriptive of Iron Mountain, I intend to elaborate upon the 
industrial opportunities, which are applicable in a greater or less degree to every town 
referred to and which form the key to the utilizable resources of the whole range, I propose 
to submit the veriest outline sketch of its history and its people, giving the greater 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



amount of attention to the trade possibilities which it to-day presents to the man in 
search of profitable investments. 

In 1879 the first locomotive steamed its way round the curve and halted where the 
depot, in charge of Mr. Stiles, now stands in the centre of the town. Previous to this, 
the city was in the wilderness. It was known as "Section 30" in the early days, and at 
the time of Quinnesec's decease became the asylum for its most prominent men of busi- 
ness, Messrs. A. F. Wright and Hugh McLaughlin moving in at that time. In 1878 
there were but four places occupied for the purposes of trade, one a general store run 
by Mr. C. E. Parent, Andy Boyington's hotel, where Hocking's saloon now stands, R. 
O. Philbrook's store and postoffice, Louis Dittmeyer's shoe making emporium and 
Frank Ayer's "temptation shop." This was in the good old days when the trading 
shacks were so diminutive that the burly miner, when indulging in the luxury of a 
clean "out-fit" had to move out on to the highway in order to try on his "pants." 



The town at this time 
for a song. Tradition 
Flesheim who had the 
Van Cleve, the surveyor, 
it was a repetition of the 
much territory and few 
faith enough in it to have 
these days, according to 
go out "gunning" and 
shot of the present "Felch 
ducks disputed the right 
avenue. With the de- 
ful Chapin and Lumber- 
in, the camp of fifty souls 
tudes, the story of its 
and fresh additions were 




could have been bought 
any way says that Joe. 
place platted, offered it to 
for "nothing." However 
old story, there was so 
were to be found with 
"any use for it." In 
Mr. Felch, a man could 
shoot a deer within rifle 
Hotel," whilst the grey 
of way on Stephenson 
velopment of the wonder- 
men's mines, men poured 
soon swelled its multi- 
treasures were circulated 
tacked on to the village. 



The first of these were the Stephenson and Flesheim, then the Jenkins and Spies, then 
the St. Clair, the Hamilton, Merryman, and the Rosenheim, until the town like "Topsy," 
"growed and growed," and verified Mr. De Veres prophecy and became the little giant 
of the Menominee. Joseph Hambly kept the first boarding house in 1878, co-temporary 
with the sinking of the first Chapin shaft, an excellent view of which I have given else- 
where. Amongst the citizens identified with the early history of the town, were A. F. 
Wright, H. McLaughlin, W. W. Felch, Jno. Friedrichs, Dr. Cameron, Geo. F. Seibert, 
Ed. J. Ingram, Sol. Noble, R. L. Hammond, H. De Vere, Vivian Chellew, W. Hocking, 
Oliver Evans, Mayor Trudell, K. S. Buck, S. Mortensen, Arthur Flatt, J. E. Robbins, 
E. Croll, M. Gleason, Aldermen Hancock, Dr. Crowell, Carl Schuldes, City Clerk Sav- 
ing, J. D. Cudlip, A. J. Leveque, B. H. Scott, J. B. Weimer, Geo. Alexander, John 
Rule, Jos. Lemieux, the Merritt Bros. — all enterprising citizens, and F. W. McKinney, 
who was active in his efforts to advertise the advantages of the place — besides many 
others whose indifference however, to written requests for information must rest the 
reason for omission of reference in these pages. Mr. John R. Wood of the First 
National Bank, who prospected for mineral as early as March, 1879, and became manager 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



of the Cornell mine, and was later identified with the Felch Mountain and Vulcan 
industries and passed two years in the Gogebic Range, and subsequently in Ishpeming, 
did not make Iron Mountain his permanent home until 1887. To-day Mr. Wood 
occupies one of the most enviable positions in the city, he is president of the only 
banking house in Iron Mountain and together with Messrs. Sterling and Silverwood 
conducts one of the largest real estate and insurance agencies in the Upper Peninsula, 
and he is further justly regarded as one of the most enterprising men of the range, as 
a scrutiny of the engravings of the costly brick and stone blocks recently erected by 
him, bear living witness. Mr. Wood's prosperity and the advancement of Iron Moun- 
tain, are synonymous phrases. And the complete realization of both is inevitable. 

In these early days most of the trading was done at Quinnesec. In 1880 the Chapin 
shipped 34,556 and the Lumberman's, or Ludington, 8,816 tons of ore, and the future 
of Iron Mountain was regarded as a sure thing. The mines at this time being gener- 
ally known by numbers. The Millie, or old Hewitt mine, made its first shipment of 
4,352 tons in 1881. Tens of miners were then only employed, where now are required 
hundreds. Few real estate transactions are recorded of those days. Lots on Flesheim 
street 60x126, now worth 1,500, hunted for purchasers at $75. Property purchased on 
Stephenson avenue for $500 in 1881, to-day cannot be bought for $6,000, and these 
values are based on rentals. Lots further south on same street, then worth $250, are 
held, no matter how tempting the offer, and these values are recognized in the assess- 
ments. In 1879 there was a population of about 100 people. The place boomed and 
with its advances towards puberty the population steadily increased, and when the rail- 
way stormed its solitudes its live inhabitants soon totalled 500 souls. The most of these 
were Americans and Cornishmen from the copper country or from the older iron ranges, 
with a few Italians from across the ocean. Meanwhile the prospectors were hard at 
work and the Indiana mine in 1882 shipped 4,280 tons, and the Calumet under the 
superintendency of John R. Wood, 5,847, and in 1886 the Cornell, discovered by the 
same expert, made its first shipment of 4,566 tons, whilst many other explorations, such 
as the Garfield, the Hecla and the Hancock held out inducements more or less encour- 
aging. The individual shipments of all these mines are given elsewhere. 

For a time the gospel was preached by a Cornish miner, in the dining room of the 
Chapin boarding house. This volunteer evangelist was shortly afterwards killed. The 
first fatality in the Chapin. In 1884 the first Episcopal service was held in the Brown 
street school house, by the Rev. E. J. Eichbaum, missionary from Escanaba. From 
1882 to 1884 the Rev. John Brown, pastor of Quinnesec, supplied the spiritual needs of 
the Catholic population, who was in turn succeeded by Rev. Mr. Fanst, who secured by 
his exertion the property upon which the church and school house now stand and 
which former was opened for worship during the year named. " To the labors of Father 
Faust," writes Pere Bourion, the present energetic pastor, "the catholics of Iron Moun- 
tain owe their existence as a congregation." In 1881 the first drug store was opened 
where John Friederichs brick block now stands with Mr. E. J. Ingram in charge. To 
give an idea of the rapid development of the resources of the place under the 
Menominee Co.'s regime, the 300 men who were at first upon the professional list of 
Drs. Cameron and Crowell, physicians to the Chapin mine in 1881, had in 1890 
increased in numbers to 3,400. 



go 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



It is a remarkable fact and worthy of note in this chronicle, that notwithstanding 
the men of various nationalities engaged in the' mines throughout the range, little — 
apparent — friction has existed, and greatly to the credit of all concerned, between 
employers and employed. A strike which at one time threatened serious consequences 
occurred however once, amongst the Chapin and Ludington men when the miners — 
there being no Saturday night shift, work being quitted at 6 p. M,, and the management 
wanting work to continue till u p. m. — "went out" for five days. One hundred 
Pinkerton constables and various sheriffs reached the scene, and remained for two weeks, 
the miners having threatened to stop the pumps, and let the mines fill. Armed with 
Winchesters, 250 men threatened an attack. The ringleaders were later on arrested 
and sent to states prison ; the miners returned to work ; Captain Rundle resigned ; 
Captain Oliver took his place, and the faithful pine trees catching up the remnants and 
burden of the episode, purged the atmosphere of further industrial tempest. 




Hydraulic Works and Air Compressors — Menominee River. 

In the old days what is now Stephenson avenue, was a continuation of the new state 
road, the trail over which teams hauled and sometimes mired on their way to Crystal 
Falls by Badwater and Florence. On the west side of the track at the intersection of 
Flesheim street, only two houses broke the flank of the forest, and from foot to scarp of 
hill top the dark trunks of the pines formed a black battalion of whispering sentinels. 
What a change has come over the spirit of the dream. In place of horse and windlass 
and a few thousand tons of ore a year, with steam and compressed air as much and more 
has been taken from one mine in a week. Up to 1878, 4,593 tons in all had been 
mined in the Menominee range. On the 31st of December, 1890, 4,780,775 tons had 
been produced by the Iron Mountain mines alone ! Let us see what manner of a town 
is this that inherits such latent resource. 

Iron Mountain, according to City Engineer Burlingame, covers an area of 2,080 



The Menominee Iron Range. gi 

acres. It has 32 miles of streets, capable of being driven over, and four miles of streets 
graded as level as a ship's deck. The width of these streets varies from 60 to 80 feet. 
It has 40,000 lineal feet of sidewalks, much of which I may add sadly wants renewing, 
has four miles of sewer under contract, and about eight miles additional will be laid 
next year. It has a water-works system valued at $250,000, it has an electric light 
equipment, a telephone exchange, including connection with Norway, and it has a gas 
plant in course of construction. Its police force consists of a marshall, T. B. Catlin, 
and eight men. The fire department consists of a brigade of ten paid firemen, with F. 
W. Parker as chief. The men have their quarters in the fire halls on Ludington and 
Second streets, which are connected by electricity with 27 alarm boxes distributed 
throughout the city, making one of the most perfect systems on the peninsula. Both 
halls have a Clapp and Jones engine and 3,000 feet of hose. The leading insurance 
companies in the country carry a heavy aggregate of safe risks in Iron Mountain. 

Under the custody of Mr. Geo. F. Seibert, the present postmaster, the yearly busi- 
ness based upon that of one week, shows approximately as follows: — Letters mailed 
396,560; received, 341,585. Papers mailed, 31,587; received, 40,470. Money orders 
issued, 57,920; paid, 34,361. Not a bad showing for 9,000 people, of whom 2,129 are 
between the ages of five and of twenty. It has two weekly papers, which are sought for 
by both Republican and Democrat. The one, the Iron Range, published and edited by 
Mr. R. P. Tuten, who has controlled its destinies since January, 1884, and of late with 
Mr. Smiley's aid, it having been originally established by Mr. Swift in April, 1879; the 
other, the Dickinson County Journal, established by Berry & Larson, 1886, but leased in 
1888, and purchased in 1889, by Mr. Herb. Smith, the present publisher and editor, 
under whose management it now flourishes as a semi-weekly. The Western Union Tele- 
graph Co.'s office, in charge of H. A. Mead, handles some 18,000 messages a year. 

The city is divided into five wards. The following comprise the Board of Aldermen: 
Mayor, F. J. Trudell; First Ward, Oliver Symons, Charles Forrell; Second Ward, 
H. Shields, W. H. Sweet; Third Ward, D. A. Graham, Wm. Catlin; Fourth Ward, 
W. H. Hancock, E. F. Brown; Fifth Ward, A. Hunting, L. Tebo; Treasurer Oliver 
Evans; City Clerk, John J. Saving; Dr. E. Myers, Health Officer. Appended is a state- 
ment furnished by the several Supervisors, showing the ward assessments : 

Personal Property. Real Estate. Acres. 

First Ward, H. McNaughton, Supervisor $ 7,336 $ 89,906 320 

Second" W. Trestrail " 19,992 1,035,760 480 

Lumberman's Mining Co.'s 1st Addition. 16,676 40 

Kimberly's 3d Addition 2,624 20 

Third " M. Drapeau, Supervisor 8,510 117,350 260 

Fourth" M.Carey, " 75,649 234,854 672 

Fifth " W. Kimberly, " 368 65,338 1,829 

Of the Realty in Ward Two, the Chapin Co. is assessed on $800,000, Lumberman's 
Mining Co. $150,000, and Hamilton Ore Co. $80,000. In Ward Four the Walpole 
Mining Co. is assessed $800, the Peewabic Mining Co. $32,000, and the Millie Mine 
$24,000. In 1890 the revenue from all sources amounted to $60,627, exclusive of school 
tax of $20,000. The expenditures on account of fire protection was $7,000; police, 
$7,000; water service, $9,000; electric lighting, $4,000. The only debentures issued are 
on account of street improvements, and amount to but $10,000. Three Justices of the 



92 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



Peace administer local judgments, the calendar of offences is light, and the crimes of a 
trivial nature. Fifty per cent, of the cases are tried before Justice Bergeron, Squires 
Bray and Freidrichs adjudicating upon the rest. 

There are three schools presided over by Mr. E. F. Abernethy, Superintendent, 
whose system and success is of an admittedly superior order. The registers show 722 
boys and 657 girls, 1,379 out of a total, but practically impossible number of legally 
possible attendants, numbering 2,129. Besides the Principal it takes a staff of 25 lady 
teachers to advance the ideas of young and ambitious Iron Mountaineers. There is a 
school library of 1,100 volumes. There are three school houses and a new high school 
now in course of construction, 'the handsome plans for which were designed by Mr. F. 
W. Clancy, whose professional reputation is more than local. The etching of it which 
appears on another page, will explain the fact that it will cost 835,400, and will be, when 
completed, perhaps the finest north of Milwaukee. It is constructed entirely of blue 



and red granite from 
of theAmberg Granite 
consin, the same firm 
It is admitted by re- 
to be as perfect a 
size as regards struc- 
and equipment as any 
west. 

cation at present con- 
Wright, President, J. 
tary, H. McLaughlin, 
Woodbury, E. E. 
Trudell. Another 
on East Ludington 
red sandstone block 
It has a frontage (but 




Iron Mountain High School. 
Built of Amberg Granite. 



the famous quarries 
Co., of Amberg, Wis- 
being the contractors, 
cognized authorities, 
school house for its 
ture, internal design 
in the entire north- 
The Board of Edu- 
sists of Messrs. A. F. 
M. Clifford, Secre- 
J. H. McLean, F. E. 
Brewster and Mayor 
edifice just completed 
street, is the native 
of Mr. John R. Wood, 
if you wish to see it 



to advantage step across the street into the "Bessemer," run by Sol. Noble and 
view it through the mellow enchantment of a liqueur glass) it has a frontage of 131 feet, 
and is a monument to the rugged beauty of Iron Mountain rock, the architect's taste, 
and Mr. Wood's perspicacity. It cost over $20,000. On this same street, only just 
west of Stephenson avenue, is the new Fisher Block, built by our friend from Florence 
of that ilk, and Messrs. Oliver Evans and Ed. Ingram. It has a frontage of 60 feet and 
is constructed of Milwaukee white brick by Contractor Lemieux, from plans furnished 
by this same Architect Clancy, who is leaving stable legacies of his skill in every town 
on the range. The Fisher Block cost over $18,000. 

There are some fifty merchants engaged in trade of various kinds. Last year the 
monthly pay-rolls amounted to $200,000. Seventy-five per cent, of this is expended 
amongst the store keepers. I would here mention that the new county of Dickinson 
consists of portions of the old counties of Menominee, Iron and Marquette, whose joint 
valuation, as fixed by the State Board of Equalization amounts to $41,000,000. Benev- 
olent and other societies flourish; there being lodges supported by the Masonic, Knights 
of Pythias, Odd Fellows and Temperance organizations, besides Italian, French and 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



93 



English national orders. The Sons of St. George have seventeen lodges in Michigan 
with a membership of 2,200, the Lord Nelson Lodge of Iron Mountain alone has 262 
members, William Pitt of Norway, 263 members, and the Earl of Beaconsfield at Crys- 
tal Falls, 314 members. W. Catlin of Iron Mountain is State Grand Secretary. The 
St. Jean Baptiste and Cristoforo Colombo Societies are also well represented in all the 
towns of the range. The Protestant Episcopal church dedicated to the Holy Trinity, 
was built by funds raised through the indefatigable exertions of Mr. John James of 
James and Croll, late of the Chapin Mining Co., and Mr. C. W. Kennedy late of the 
Millie Mining Co. It was erected on B. street at a cost — everything included — of 
$4,800, and was opened Easter Sunday 1890. The Rev. W. Ball Wright, Rector of 
Menominee, is the visiting missionary in charge, Messrs John James, Dunbar Scott, 
Lay Readers, Mr. H. De Vere, church warden, and Mr. Geo. Buzzo, organist. The Rev. 
F. F. Davis D. D., of Detroit, is Bishop of the diocese. There are two Methodist 
churches. The first in charge of Rev. S. R. Williams, stands at the corner of Fourth 
and Chapin streets and has an average congregation of 400; the other, the Central M. 
E. church, Pastor Rev. J. M. Shank, is on B. street. The Presbyterian church organ- 
ized by the Rev. Melvin Frazer in 1884 with fifteen members, has now over 100 mem- 
bers. There are three Swedish churches, Lutheran, Mission and Methodist, in charge 
respectively of the Rev. 's W. Petterson, A. Mellander and P. Munson. From this 
showing it will be seen that the spiritual welfare of the residents of the range towns is 
well cared for. 

Three lines of railway, the Escanaba & Iron Mountain, the Chicago & North- 
western, and the Milwaukee & Northern, all have large interests centered in the city. 
The latter road connects at Champion with the Duluth & South Shore, and the former 
road connects the other side of Norway with the Sault St. Marie & St. Paul, at 
Hermansville Junction. On the line of the hustling and popular Chicago & North- 
western, twelve hours from Chicago, six passenger trains arrive and depart daily. 
Independent of the ore trains whose advent and exit, is uninterupted, three "freights" 
reach the town daily, one from Ft. Howard for Iron Mountain and one for Crystal Falls, 
and one from Powers for Watersmeet, all returning the same day, and keeping Mr. Stiles 
the agent, forever on the alert. On the Milwaukee & Northern four passenger trains 
arrive and depart daily. 

The water plant which is operated by an Ypsilanti private company — as an invest- 
ment — with F. A. Todd President and Ed. A. Ordway resident Superintendent, obtains 
its supply from beautiful Lake Antoine at the north east end of the city, on Aragon 
street. It has a pumping capacity of 4,000,000 gallons daily, it has thirteen miles of 
pipes, and at the furthest hydrant two miles distant has a pressure of ninety pounds to 
the square inch. The reservoir is a brick tank on Pine Mountain, and which kept 
filled with 600,000 gallons, will with its own pressure throw ten streams 100 feet high, 
and last for twelve hours. This Lake Antoine, to which the projected electric street 
railway will run, is a most enchanting spot, and the summer resort for hundreds of 
aquatic citizens, seeking boating, bathing or fishing. 

Like Norway, Iron Mountain has made provision for its sick. Besides the Hos- 
pital at the Chapin mine, Drs. Cameron and Crowell in 1889 established St. George's 
Hospital — built, equipped and sustained by them. -It is provided with fifteen beds, 



94 The Menominee Iron Range. 



and accommodation for nurses. It exacts the gratitude of an appreciative public. 
Relevant to this, I may state that every miner in every mining town pays 40 cents 
or 50 cents monthly into a mutual benevolent fund, from which he receives in case of 
accident, $20 a month for a year or less, and a lump sum in case of permanent 
disability. There is also a life insurance organization in connection with each of the 
various national societies. 

Now I think you know the " Pay Roll " city and its rival sister Norway, as well as 
I do. They are both equally ambitious, and peopled with the same relative proportion 
of enterprising and prosperous citizens. They both claim a champion wrestler. Jack 
King the hero of American heavy-weights, and "Nipper" Wills the light-weight 
nonpareil. Norway, however, holds the hundred yard medal, George Wright having 
vanquished Eastern " peds " with established records, within the ten second class. In 
matters more elevating, those things which tend to exalt the social status and promote 
the amenities of life, these towns run a neck and neck race anyway at the quarter stretch. 
Some one other than myself will render verdict at the finish. In the matter of hotels, 
the Commercial and the Felch, both with excellent accommodations, supply the 
properly equipped caravansary want of the range sight seer. The points of interest in 
the city other than those forever offered by the magnetic turmoil of the mines, consist 
chiefly in the unrivalled picturesqueness of the suburban drives which constitute 
a paraphrase of all northwestern paradises. The view from the peak of Pine 
Mountain is distinctly original. Nearly three hundred feet below you a sea of arborescent 
green rolls its billowy outline and breaks a surf of scattered forest at the base of the 
mountain. At this season of the year the terraced and rolling bosom of these lowlands 
— gemmed with steel embossed lakes, terra cotta colored trails, and streams which lace 
the land with argent braids — eats its way into the heart of startling autumn sunsets, 
painted by the heavenly Master of all dioramic art. 

A study of the table showing comparative prices of Real Estate of range towns, with 
towns similarly conditioned elsewhere, which appears at the end of the history of Norway, 
will satisfy the man who purchases Realty as an investment, that the opportunities pre- 
sented by Iron Mountain in this particular, are exceptionally superior. Outside of avail- 
able business sites in the mid city — few, if any of which at the present time are upon 
the market, there are various "additions" which have been tacked onto the original 
"location," which are rapidly filling up with handsome residences of brick and stone. 
In evidence of the patent probabilities of its future, Mr. Geilfuss, of the Commercial 
Bank of Milwaukee — probably remembering that 25 years ago Milwaukee was smaller 
than Iron Mountain of to-day — recently purchased the whole of the beautiful Lawn- 
dale property, lying between the Kimberly and Armstrong additions. Many of the 
most prominent business men handle real estate, as the Trade Directories which follow 
the descriptions of each town demonstrate, and reference to whom for reliable informa- 
tion can be made with complete confidence. I might add that the professional and 
business men whose announcements also appear, are literally and practically the leading 
representatives of their various callings in their own range town, and to whom correspond- 
ence may be addressed with complete assurance of reliable and legitimate co-operation; 
a perusal of whose advertisements will give the man who may contemplate embarking 
in business, a correct idea of the branches of trade whose field yet remains unoccupied. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 95 



The recently appointed officers for Dickinson County who owe their preferment to 
Gov. Winan, are as follows: Sheriff, Patrick O'Connell. Register of Deeds, Hugh 
McLaughlin; Clerk, John Friedrich; Treasurer, A. F. Wright; Prosecuting Attorney, 
A. C. Cook; Commissioner of Schools, E. L. Parmenter; Coroner, David Bergeron, all of 
Iron Mountain; Surveyor, John L. Buell, of Ouinnesec; Judge of Probate, Patrick 
Flannigan; Court Commissioner, Don Cameron, and Coroner, Alex. Patenaude of Norway. 
Hence, even in the appointment of their county administration, they strive to preserve 
a comparative equality. Few of the residents now prominent in professions or in 
business in any of the range towns, but are past masters in the art of exploring, or 
practical mining. These lovely stock piles of wealth producing hematite, blue as a 
bunch of Concord grapes, recognize in almost every citizen as he passes an analyser of 
their marketable worth, and are ever on the alert to listen to the stock phrase of the 




mettaliferous enthusiast, when his — "Yes, Sir! mark my words, it will not be many 
years before you will be able to drive to Norway underground," reaches them from the 
sidewalk; and the prophecy is a most reasonable one. 

At present the industrial development of the towns of the range are in their infancy. 
I have recited those of Norway, let me schedule those of Iron Mountain. 

Mr. Parmenter, of the firm of Ira Carley & Co., who have their saw mills at Ingalls 
on the C. & N. W. Ry., owns the City Lumber Yard, and handles a large proportion of 
the cut for the local trade. The mills on the Little Cedar river have a yearly output of 
8,000,000 feet of lumber and 20,000,000 shingles, and employ 75 hands. The business 
of the firm is so increasing as to necessitate the erection of another mill at the crossing 
of the Sturgeon by the Chicago & N. W. Ry, east of Vulcan, where the water-power 
having been securad, a dam has been constructed. Two other lumber yards are located 
in the town, that of the Sagola Co., and of the Iron Mountain Co. The Peninsula Powder 
Co. have a factory, three and one-half miles from the city, in the township of Breitung, 



96 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



and employ a dozen or more men. The Wright Bros., who have branch establishments 
at Marinette and Amberg, Wis, and at Quinnesec, besides their general store business, 
produced last year 500,000 railroad ties and 1,000,000 fence posts. The Upper Michigan 
Brewing Co., of which Lee Fordyce is resident manager, whose completely equipped 
establishment with a capacity of 350 barrels weekly, was opened this summer, supply 
their quota of the 400 barrels of the estimated daily consumption of the range, and with 
their spring water product, are fast driving out Milwaukee competition; but these few 
instances exhaust the industrial calendar. At the Twin Falls an Electric Power Plant 
is in contemplation, which could of course be utilized in every conceivable class of 
industry, and supply the motor for the Electric Street Railway which will shortly run 
between Crystal Lake and Lake Antoine. Every range town is singularly fitted by 
natural resource for the establishment of factories of every kind, but strange to say, 
capital has been slow to embrace the opportunities. On one ground alone can this be 
accounted for, viz: by complete ignorance of the advantages presented. I have written 
at length on the actual and tangible sources of wealth with which it has been lavishly 
endowed, let 



me 

make plain how 
can be converted 
ference — at the 
the base of raw 
perfected article of 
I find on search- 
the American Iron 
tion for 1890, pre- 
Swank, that the 
emer steel rails for 
net tons as against 
i88q, or an increase 




The Fisher Block. 



now endeavor to 
these native staples 
by industrial inter- 
very fountain head, 
s u p p 1 y — into the 
commerce, 
ing the report of 
and Steel Associa- 
pared by Mr. J. M. 
production of Bess- 
1890 was 2,091,978 
1,691,264 tons in 
of 23 per cent., and 



from another source I find that the increase over the production of 1880, which was 
some 700,000 tons was 290 per cent. I also find upon reference to Poors' Railway 
Manual that 5,756 miles of railway were built in 1889, and 6,344 in 1890. I also find 
elsewhere that in 1890 4,131,535 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, 3,834,816 tons of cut 
steel nails, and 3,135,911 tons of wire nails, besides hundreds of thousands of tons of 
other manufactured iron which helped to account for the 10,000,000 tons of pig, was all 
produced during the last calendar year in the United States. I also find, however, 
upon reference to other trade returns, that not one solitary pound of this metal was 
manufactured on the Menominee Iron Range, though she contributed about one-eighth 
of the entire raw supply! This fact seems incomprehensible. The trade question of 
the cost of the assembling of material is directly effected by this extraordinary state of 
things. Bear with me whilst I attempt to sift these materials and endeavor to assemble 
the true trade facts. 

The prime factor which tends to concentrate commerce and develop industries is 
cheap transportation. Economy in freights all other conditions being half equal, 
absolutely controls trade. Freight the world over, averages about §40 for every $500 
worth of merchandise carried. The imports of all nations during 20 years previous to 



The Menominee Iron Range. 97 

the world's census of 1880, amounted to 12 per cent, more than the exports; which 
proves the statement. The cost, however, of freight on ore from point of production 
in the Menominee to eastern furnaces, is from two-fifths to three-quarters of its value at 
the mine's mouth. There are no discriminating freight rates, hence the transportation 
cost of lower grade ores would reach in some cases the total of their value at the pit, 
which of course under present conditions, bars them from a market. The richest ore 
carries with it at least 30 per cent, of waste; the poorest at most 55 per cent. Many of 
the soft ores also carry about 12 per cent, of water. This ore converted into rails and 
other perfected articles of trade, returns to the producers section of territory in the 
Northwest, after bearing two freights, one-third at least of which is upon unprofitable 
material. Surely the manufacturers have been dreaming. However, it is not yet too 
late to assemble a portion of all these raw materials in the valley of the Menominee. 
The whole question resolves itself into one of cost of transportation, let us then analyze 
this subject of freights. 

In order to demonstrate the feasibility and the profit that should accrue from the 
manufacture of Bessemer steel in the Menominee, I will proceed, with your permission, 
to at once locate, on paper, these projected works. Any point on the range will answer; 
but as I cannot undertake to tabulate a statement of the slightly varying freight rates 
from each locality, I will accept Iron Mountain as an example, and in submitting the 
appended statement of cost of freight, would merely add that the additional local rate 
from any point in the district has merely to be added to or — in the case of Norway — 
deducted from the amounts as charged against Iron Mountain, to make the statement 
applicable to every town on the range. In order to carry out the scheme as projected 
in its entirety, I would premise that steel works would also have to be established at 
Connellsville, Pa., the hub of coke-dom, in order that a profitable equalization of freights 
to and from the coke and ore fields, might be maintained. The steel works with a 
capacity of 1,000 tons a day, which would be erected at Iron Mountain, would require, 
say 1,000 tons of coke per day, and 500 tons of coal for soaking pits. At the eastern 
end of this industrial larriat, at Connellsville, Pa., steel works should also be erected 
with a capacity of say 750 tons, requiring 1,500 tons of ore to balance freight — that is, 
to equalize the 1,500 joint tons of coke and coal daily required at Iron Mountain and 
shipped from the East. — This is interesting and I want you to follow me. — To convey 
these freights so largely differing in bulk, suitable cars would have to be constructed to 
carry the ore one way and the coke the other. The tram cars from the mine would 
dump into the empty coke cars, and the coke ovens would unload into the empty ore 
cars at Connellsville. Hence there would be no empty cars to haul either way as at 
present. Of the 5,000 odd ore cars last year in use by the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railway, and which loaded once only would carry over 70,000 tons of ore — Michigan 
ores approximate about 14 cubic feet per ton — and which to the lake port of Escanaba 
alone conveyed 3,756,000 tons of ore, returned to the mines empty, save for the relatively 
paltry 150,000 tons of coal brought rangewards. At present the ore cars run empty from 
Pittsburgh to Cleveland; the vessels run empty from Cleveland to Escanaba, and empty 
cars are again in order between Escanaba and Iron Mountain. Under existing circum- 
stances a ton of rails in the Menominee bears three freights, viz., two tons of ore to 
Pittsburgh, and one ton of rails back to the Northwest. With steel works at Iron 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



Mountain an additional yearly return freight would be established of close on 
500,000 tons. 

With the easily smelted ores of the Menominee, there is no question — as I am 
informed by resident experts — but that one ton of coke — 2,240 lbs. — will make one ton of 
steel rails, using the direct process from furnace, with soaking pits. By the crude 
processes formerly in vogue, it took, five tons of fuel to make one ton of iron rails. Half 
a ton of coal is allotted, as shown in table of freights. In the consideration of this 
scheme, one salient fact must be borne in mind, viz. : that the first cost of material is 
the same whether used in Iron Mountain, Chicago or Pittsburgh. The expense of 
making rails depends upon the cost of freight entirely. To carry out the idea completely 
all kinds of finished steel, nails, etc., would have to be manufactured. 

The next consideration is the market for the product. I have already shown 
that there is a population of eight or ten millions of people to the north and west of us, 
consuming to-day over 300 pounds of iron per caput annually. And the true centre of 
population is gradually creeping northwestward, as the census proves. Locally we 
have three railroads, themselves penetrat- 

ing the northwest, ■ and connecting with 

others which are I pushing their indus- 

trial tentacles into re- , ,; I mote regions awaiting 

more complete coloni- j*» I zation. Up to the 1st 

of October this year H^B I 2 >820. miles of addit- 

ional railway track KSj| "' ", ' I had been added to the 

mileage of the country jHi]m I since January. With 

these competing and ■:' J consequently lower 

freight charges, a $%. v I market for all the pro- 

duct of Iron Mountain SawM^ JR'n' -- ' - - '" : "' V*- '-" I steel works would 
obviously open up ijM^^^j'- 1 ^a. - : , . • * I and for every ton so 

shipped it would have a freight advantage 

,-,,. , ., . Pumps, Thirteenth Level — Hamilton Mine. _ ,. ... , , 

over Chicago, whilst Connellsville would 

be on even terms with Pittsburgh as regards the sale of its product. 

As regards the supply of flux, the hanging walls of the mines here are of magnesium 
limestone, equal to that used in Chicago. The out-crop is large and could be readily 
trammed into the furnace. Of this limestone I append an analysis: Carbonate of 
Magnesia 30 per cent., Silica 3 per cent., Iron and Alumina 2.50 per cent., Carbonate 
of Lime 641.50 per cent. 

As regards the supply of iron ore, if not already satisfied on this point, let me 
clinch previous assertions. The great Chapin vein, of which the Hamilton and Lud- 
ington are a part, will not be mined out this generation. There is now proven up over 
30,000,000 tons of ore with no sign of abating either in quality or quantity, at the depth 
of 1,300 feet, as demonstrated by the vein in the bottom of the Hamilton mine. Twelve 
months since the Ludington had 50,000 tons in sight, to-day, according to Superintendent 
Banks, they have 650,000 tons visible and awaiting the rock drill and the explosive. 
And here let me remind, or inform the economist, that a marvellous co-adjutor, equal to 
either dynamite or Rand drill, stands at the elbow of the Menominee manufacturer for- 
ever offering its eternal co-operation. The water powers that surround these huge 



The Menominee Iron Range. gg 

mineral deposits seem to have been especially located by the Great Master of all to 
assist man in his local efforts to perfect the finished article from the crude iron stone. 
Within a radius of three and one-quarter miles are four cataracts whose joint power 
exceeds that of 7,500 horses, viz: The Upper Twin Falls 600, the Lower Twin Falls 
goo, the Horse Race 1,200, the Upper Quinnesec 4,800; whilst within five and a quarter 
miles are the Lower Quinnesec, of 7,200 horse power. The steel works whose plan of 
operation I have sketched, would thus have the advantage of obtaining the air direct 
from the convertors without the heavy compressor usually driven by steam, and the 
hydraulic crane could be worked without steam, as could the blowers for the furnaces, 
engines for rolls, and indeed all the motive power, leaving the gases generally used for 
generating the steam to be applied for hot blasts, heating blowers and soaking pits. 

Other advantages are manifest, there would be no stocking of the ore used, during 
winter months, and hence no cost of removal during the summer, and the interest on 
the stock of ore now carried to Cleveland, during the last days of navigation — indirectly 
paid by the steel-works — would be saved. The freight rates as given in the accompany- 
ing table are of course but approximate, but comparison with rising or falling rates will 
show the same relative percentage of difference. 

Accepting these figures then as a proper base upon which to pursue the calculation 
to its legitimate conclusion, I find that when eastern furnaces and steel-works would be 
just about holding their own, works at Iron Mountain would be making $2.74 per ton, 
and that when Chicago manufacturers would be merely paying their way, the Iron 
Mountain steel-works should be clearing $2.27 per ton, representing a snug and very 
material sum of industrial profit per diem. 

Who will come, and by practically experimenting in the direction as outlined, 
prove the bona fides of my contention, and in the establishment of such an industry, lay 
the foundation of a business, which inevitably would develop, at no distant date, into 
the hardly less huge proportions now strictly limited to the Illinois Steel Co., the 
Carnegies, the Cambria, and a few other equally gigantic and profitable monopolies. 

The Chapin Mine. 
This mine, the fee of which is owned by Mr. H. A. Chapin, of Niles, Mich., consists 
of the S. y 2 of S. W. %, and S. W. % of S. E. y A , of Sec. 30, T. 40, R. 30. The 
proprietary interest originally held by the Menominee Mining Co., passed into the hands 
of the now styled Chapin Mining Co., better known as the " Schlesinger Syndicate." 
It was discovered by Dr. N. P. Hulst in i87g. The ore is a soft hematite. During the 
year i8go, it employed an average of 1,800 men. It is remarkable through reason of its 
rapid development, it being the greatest mine, with one exception, in the Lake Superior 
region. Its total output up to the close of i8go being 3,218,543 tons, it having produced 
742,843 tons during last year. The machinery and equipment is probably on a more 
extensive scale than that of any iron mine on the continent. A special request for par- 
ticulars concerning its plant and working history, which would have been of more than 
mere local interest, was not acceded to by its management. At the time of writing, the 
position of superintendent, owing to a re-organization, has not been filled. 
The names of officers as supplied to me by the Vice President are: 
M. A. Hanna, President; George H. Kent, Vice President; Head Offices, Cleveland 
and Milwaukee. 



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The Menominee Iron Range. 



From Mr. A. P. Swineford's Annual Review, 1883— the first, I regret to say, of that 
well known writer's publications which has come under my notice, and it, whilst these 
pages were actually in the hands of the printer — I find the following interesting reference 
to Mr. Chapin's connection with this wonderful property, and "illustrative of the muta- 
tions of individual fortunes:" 

The fee for the property was entered by his son-in-law many years ago, then editor of the Marquette 
Mining Journal, who "knowing that the old gentleman was the owner of a bounty land warrant and some 
agricultural or other land scrip, wrote to him saying that if he would send the warrant and scrip to him 
(the son-in-law) he thought he could place them where they would do him the most good in later years. 
The old gentleman sent the warrant, which called for 120 acres, and the scrip, both of which were applied 
in the location of lands on what is now known as the Menominee Range, then an unbroken wilderness. It 
afterwards transpired that the state had received and used more of this certain kind of scrip than the 
amount to which it was entitled, and the entries made with that sent up by Mr. Chapin were cancelled. 
The warrant covered the 120 acres on which the Chapin mine is located and for which a warrant was duly 
issued to Mr. Chapin. In the course of time, Mr. Chapin failed and turned over to his creditors all of his 
property, including the land in question, reserving only that which was exempt by law from execution. 
The creditors, being anxious to realize as much cash as possible, and deeming the land worthless, or at least 
unavailable, proposed to Chapin that if he would turn out $250 worth of exempt property he might keep 
the land, which proposition he accepted. What he gained by the transaction, and what the creditors, or 
whoever might have purchased the land had it been sold on execution, lost, may be partially estimated from 
the fact that he has already received over $200,000 in royalty, paid him by the lessee, while he or his heirs 
can confidently anticipate an annual income of from $50,000 to $150,000 from the same property for years 
to come. From penury it has not only raised him to affluence, but made him, prospectively, one of the 
richest men in the state of Michigan." 

Mr. Swineford's forecast was within the limit. I am informed that last year Mr. 
Chapin received about $300,000, net income, as his royalty tax on the output. Whilst 
no one I apprehend grudges Mr. Chapin his excellent fortune, it is in quite good order 
to question the soundness of the applied system of political economy, which permits 
any one to reap such a royal benefit from any local industry, without exacting a toll for 
local public purposes. Fee owners pay no taxes. Of Mr. Chapin's princely income not 
one cent is retained by authority to assist in defraying the civic expenses of Iron Moun- 
tain. Where are the single tax agitators? My remarks are offered with no personal 
reference to Mr. Chapin — Iron Mountain will doubtless be tangibly apprised of his 
munificence one ot these days — they are directed against the principle, which not alone 
is an injustice to the localities drained of their life blood with no quid pro quo, but also 
against the overdone system pursued by many Shylock fee owners, who levy such an 
imposition in the shape of royalties, that men financially ready to develop properties, 
are unwilling to outlay in the face of such a usurious tithe. If the owners of these lands 
were compelled to place a selling value on their property, at which valuation they would 
be assessed, subject to annual revision, these vexed questions would soon right them- 
selves. 

The Hamilton Mine 

Is owned by the Hamilton Ore Co., miners of Menominee Range ore, of Sharon, 
Pa., and is located on the N. y 2 , S. W. }{, Sec. 30, T. 40, R. 30, which 80 acres is 
leased from the Hamilton, Merryman Co. It was prospected for in 1883 by Mr. John 
T. Jones, the present Superintendent, who discovered with a diamond drill in that year, 
the ore body which from present indications, will shortly rival with its output the 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



famous Chapin. The first shipment of ore was made to Sharon May 25th, 1888. The 
ore is a soft blue hematite and of the same quality as that of the Chapin or Ludington. 
The Hamilton is as yet an infant, giving little thought to producing, but simply 
developing, but towards the entering of the lists as a competing shipper, all the indomi- 
table energies of the superintendent are now being directed. That the expectations of 
its owners will be more than realized is already accepted as an accomplished conclusion. 
Mr. Jones' forecast of the probabilities have been more than verified, and the success- 
fully bold expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars upon his ultimatum 
that the ore was there if the company cared to incur the cost of reaching it, whilst 
characteristic of the nerve of the promoters, and the confidence placed in Mr. Jones' 
astuteness, has emphasized in an extraordinary manner that gentleman's mining acumen. 
Mr. Jones is the oldest, not in actual years, but as regards length of service of any 
superintendent on the range. As a representative mining man, and as one of the most 
enterprising business men of the Menominee, his portrait finds a place in these pages. 
Without it, the work would be incomplete. 

At first only 30 men were 
now the force numbers 300. 



has been sent to the corn- 
Newcastle and Greenville, 
and nails are manufac- 
been placed on the market. 
1,460 feet vertical depth, 
level. No. 2 is 1,435 feet 
may have to penetrate 
reached. Ore was reached 
and continued for 500 feet, 
It is estimated that 
insight. Last year 17,092 
year 70,000 tons have so 




employed at the Hamilton, 
So far all the ore produced 
pany's works at Sharon, 
where sheet iron, bar, pig 
tured. No ore has as yet 
Of the two shafts, No. 1 is 
and is 843 feet to the first 
down and it is estimated 
2,000 feet before the ore is 
in No. 1 shaft at 700 feet 
with a width of 140 feet. 
2,000,000 tons of ore are 
tons were produced. This 
farrbeen shipped. Shaft 
four feet inside the tim- 
about to be placed in posi- 



No. 2 is seven by twenty 

bers. The hoisting plant Mr ' J ohn T ' J ones 

tion by the celebrated Webster, Camp & Lane Machine Co. of Akron, Ohio, will, it is 
claimed, be the largest one shaft equipment of any in the world. The plant will consist 
of two direct-acting or first-motion engines and two reels, and will weigh complete 165 
tons. The engines, rated at 1,500 horse-power, are of the Corliss type, fitted with the 
company's improved valve gear and relief mechanism, and the dash pots of these are 
especially noteworthy for their rapid and silent action. The cylinders are 32 inch bore 
by 72 inch stroke, with steel piston rods four and three-fourths inches in diameter. 
The reverse mechanism employed for these hugh engines is, perhaps, the most novel 
feature of the entire plant. Description sufficiently detailed to do them justice cannot 
be entered into here, but their construction and action is bound to claim the attention 
of engineers of the wide world. 

The engines are coupled to a crank shaft 17 inches in diameter, supported at the 
centre by a heavy pillow block. This shaft carries the two reels which have a capacity 
for 2,500 feet of flat rope seven-eighths of an inch thick by eight inches wide. The reels 



The Menominee Iron Range. 103 



are fitted with powerful band friction clutches, and controlled by heavy post brakes of 
the Western type. The rope is the largest used in this country, and at a depth of 2,500 
feet will sustain a load of ten tons of ore, besides the weight of the skip, which is the 
maximum capacity of the plant. The Hamilton Ore Company were the first to intro- 
duce the flat ropes in the Menominee. The advantages of these, over round ropes, for 
deep workings are many, and their use is apparently coming into general favor. To 
insure a rapid stopping of the engine, as well as of the reels, brakes are fitted to the 
engine crank disks. These brakes, as well as the post brakes, clutches, and reverse, 
are operated by individual steam cylinders which are controlled by levers on the opera- 
tors platform, so that the entire plant can be worked with complete ease and surety by 
the engineer in charge. Iron Mountain is one vast machinery hall, all in motion. A 
visit to witness its wonders will well repay you. 

The Pewabic Mine, 

Another new candidate for first-class honors, is located on the S. W. of N. W. ~%. 
of Sec. 32, T. 40, R. 30, and was discovered by Dr. Hulst in 1889. The property 
which consists of the S. ^2 of the section was acquired — by the same management as 
that composing the old Menominee Mining Co. — from Welcome Hyde of Appleton, 
owner of the pine lands, and member of the original Chapin Co. 

The ore produced by the Pewabic is a very high grade Bessemer. It is a soft, blue 
hematite, low in phosphorous and sulphur, carrying 66 per cent, of metallic iron, and 
.009 of phosphorous, and is especially adapted for steel and the higher classes of manu 
facture, and has an average value at mines mouth of $5.00 a ton. It is classified by the 
State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics as "gilt edge." Notwithstanding the short 
time that it has been subject to active treatment, under the close and constant super- 
vision of Mr. E. F. Brown, Superintendent — Alderman for Ward No. 4 and Chairman 
of Finance, City of Iron Mountain — and one of the characteristic "hustlers" of the 
Menominee, a tremendous amount of work has been accomplished. Already a shaft 
fourteen feet six inches by five feet six inches has been sunk to a depth of 500 feet. 
This divided into two compartments for cages, and one for pumps and ladders. The 
three levels, including drifting and cross-cuts, exceed 4,618 feet. Ir is furnished with 
two pumps, which with a maximum lift of 1,000 feet, each can raise 1,200 and 1,000 
gallons per minute, respectively. The power is all steam, except for drills and under- 
ground hoist, which are driven by compressed air. The six boilers yield 100 horse 
power each. Fourteen of Rand's wonderful rock drills — indeed, what would the miner 
do without the saving invention of Rand — are kept busy. Two Corliss hoisting engines 
with a maximum hoist of 1,500 feet, control the steel cables which raise the cages. The 
length of underground and surface tramway is 1,345 feet, the double track system 
being in operation. Thus it will be seen that Mr. Brown's reputation as an untiring 
worker has not been forfeited. On page 95 I have perpetuated, with Mr. Mortensen's and 
Messrs. Marr & Richards' joint skill, Mr. Brown's picturesque residence in "half-tone." 

In 1890, 26,991 tons of ore were shipped, a spur track from the C. & N. W. Ry. 
Co. has been built up the valley to connect with the long elevated trestle, which leads 
from the mine's mouth. The officers of the company are in Milwaukee, and the officers 
are: G. D. Van Dyke, President; J. H. Van Dyke, Vice President; W. D. Van Dyke, 
Secretary; Dr. N. P. Hulst, General Manager; E. F. Brown, Resident Superintendent. 



104 The Menominee Iron Range. 

From the Management of the Millie Mine and of the Walpole Mine, no particulars 
have been submitted. 

The Ludington Mine, 

Which abuts the Hamilton, was discovered in 1880 by George E. Stockbridge, and 
is on the northeast corner of the S. y 2 of S. E. }( of Sec. 25, T. 40, R. 30, 120 acres. 
A few years since the property could have been bought for a song, as the ore-bed was 
supposed to be exhausted. Practical work with the diamond drill developed new and 
important deposits, and the stock previously unsaleable reached impossible prices. 
Last year it shipped 97,355 tons of 60 to 68 per cent, of just below Bessemer grade ore. 
The property is leased from the fee owners, the Lake Superior Ship Canal Co., who 
exact an average royalty toll of 40 cents a ton. The ore is of fine quality, especially 
adapted for the "fix" trade, and for utilizing in the finer classes of manufacture. 

The mine is being developed with three shafts, the respective depth of which is 
1,320, 1,280 and 1,050 feet, and the drifts, etc., on the various levels exceeding 15,000 
lineal feet. Under Mr. Bankes' active superintendency, work has been pushed to the 
extent of the limit, and the grounds unceasingly are a very bee-hive of industry. Last 
year's operations will demonstrate this. One thousand five hundred and sixty-nine feet 
of shafting were sunk; 500 feet of shafts re-timbered; 1,000 feet of shaft divided into 
two compartments, and over 3,530 feet of drifting completed. Twelve months since but 
50,000 tons of ore were "in sight." Mr. Bankes now estimates as the result of late 
development that 650,000 tons are to-day visible. So much for skill and labor. The 
mining plant is of a most costly description. The E. P. Allis Co. of Milwaukee are 
engaged at the present time putting in new and powerful machinery. The Webster 
Camp and Lane friction gears are used. The Ludington Co. have a one-third share in 
the Hydraulic Co., whose works are on the Menominee river, a beautiful view of which 
appears on page . These were built at a cost of §400,000, and supply to the extent of 
their capacity, compressed air, carried a distance of three miles, and which is the chief 
motive power for the machinery of the mines. The large automatic double deck cages 
will carry 40 men at a time. The daily output of this mine next year is placed at 1,500 tons. 

The officers of this company are, A. A. Carpenter, President; S. M. Stephenson, 
Vice President; F. A. Brown, Secretary and Treasurer; all of the town of Menominee. 
The head office is at Iron Mountain, with Mr. Robert Bankes, General Manager, and 
Henry Davis, Captain. 




Woods' Sandstone Block. 



THE CITY OF IRON MOUNTAIN, MICH. 



This City has a population of about 10,000. 

It is the County Seat of Dickinson County. 

It is centrally located in the great Iron District known as the Menominee Range. 

During the year 1890, the Mines within the city limits produced about 1,000,000 
tons of very high grade Iron Ore, giving direct employment to over 3800 men. 

This city offers the greatest inducement to Capitalists of any in the State of 
Michigan, having within its limits Mountains of Ore, that if treated locally would yield 
great profit to the manufacturer. 

The Immense Water Powers, within three miles radius of the city, offer power at 
a minimum of cost. 

Railway Facilities: — Chicago & Northwestern; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; 
Escanaba, Iron Mountain & Western. 

The city is lighted by Electricity ; has a Gas Plant in course of construction; has 
a Water Works System with twelve miles of mains and a pumping capacity of 4,000,000 
gallons daily. 

A System of Sewers three miles in length is being constructed, while about eight 
miles will be laid next year. 

On completion of the Sewer, three of the main business streets are to be paved with 
cedar block. 

It has one of the most efficient full paid Fire Departments in the State of Michigan. 

It has two Roman Catholic Churches (English and Italian); three Methodist 
Churches (two English, one Swede); one Episcopal; one Presbyterian; two Mission 
Churches and one Norwegian Lutheran Church. 

The present High School Building and four Ward Schools were erected at a cost 
of $37,500. 

A new High School Building of Granite is being erected, the cost of which will 
be $55,000. 

Building Lots cost from $50 to $350 per foot. 

Residence Lots cost from $3 to $20 per foot. 

It has two Newspapers. 

It is provided with Hospitals for the sick, and the Medical Faculty are ably 
represented. 

Lake Antoine, a most picturesque sheet of water over two miles square, offers many 
pleasurable attractions. 

Hon. F. J. Trudell, Mayor. 

Board of Aldermen. 
Oliver Symons. Charles Forell. H. Shields. 

W. H. Sweet. D. A. Graham. Wm. Catlin. 

W. H. Hancock. E. F. BrowD. A. Hunting. 

L. Tebo. 
Oliver Evans, Treasurer. John J. Saving, City Clerk. 



IRON MOUNTAIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 



CLASSIFIED LIST OF ADVERTISERS. 



Architects — 


Druggists — 


Lumber Yard — 


Clancy, J. E. 


Ingram, E. J. 


Parmenter, E. L. 


Lemieux, Jos. 


Seibert, G. F. 




Attorneys and Justices — 
Cook & Pelham. 
Hammond, R. L. 


Dentist — 

Jones, J. D. 


Newspaper — 

The Iron Range, 

R. P. Tuten. 


Trudell, F. J. 
Bergeron, D. 


Dry Goods — 


Photographer — 


Freidrich, John. 


Schuldes, Carl. 


Mortensen, S. 


Bankers — 


Furniture — 


Real Estate — 


First National Bank, 

Jno. R. Wood. 


Robbins, J. E. 


Cook & Pelham. 
Freidrich, Jno. 


Butchers — 

Hastings & Hancock. 


General Merchants — 
Wright Bros. 


Geilfuss, A. B. 

Houghton Mineral Land Co 

Miller, R. Th. 


Blacksmiths — 

Noble, Sol. 
Paul, Aug. 


Groceries and Provisions — 

Baldieri, Jos. 
James & Croll. 


McLaughlin & De Vere. 
Sterling & Silverwood. 
Weimer, Jno. B. 


Brewers — 




Stationery and Cigars — 


Upper Michigan Brewing Co 


Hotels— 


Flatt, Arthur. 


Boots and Shoes — 


Commercial Hotel, 
Felch Hotel. 


Tailor, Merchant — 


Scott, B. H. 
Carriage Makers — 

Noble, Sol. 


Insurance — 

Miller, R. Th. 


Saving & Co. 
Wine and Liquors — 


Paul, Aug. 


Sterling & Silverwood. 


"The Bessemer," Sol Noble. 


Contractors — 


Jewelry & Musical Instruments 


"Chapin House," 

Merritt Bros. 


Alexander, M. G. 


Buck, K. S. 


Gleason, M. C. 


Rule, John. 


Leveque, A. J. 


Hocking, Wm. 



JAMES & CROLL, 



-dealers in- 



GROCERIES, HAY AND FEED 

Domestic and Foreign Fruits and Vegetables. Poultry, Fish, Oysters 
and Game in Season. 

TEAS AOSTID COFFEES A SPECIALTY. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 107 



John R. Wood, President. John Perkins, Vice President. 

Oliver Evans, Cashier. R. Silverwood, Ass't Cashier. 

DIRECTORS. 

J. A. Crowell. W. S. Laing. A. F. Wright. 



prsf National <f)ank, 

OF IRON MOUNTAIN, MICHIGAN. 



Capital $50,000,00, Surplus and Profits, $15,00000, 



Solicits Accounts, makes Collections, Allows Interest on Deposits. 

Discounts Commercial Paper, 

Loans Money on Approved Collaterals, 

Issues Drafts and Money Orders on all parts of the Known World, 

and in every way, not interfering with its own well-being 

and doing, accommodates its patrons. 



Steamship Tickets. 



io8 Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



RepI s £We. 



^i y -ii ^l' *& 

->(\ -> t \ ->j\ ->,<■ 



Mclaughlin & de vere, 

Oldest? f^eal '[State °* Office- in n\\V° (jg. 



Real Estate Bought and Sold on Reasonable Terms. 

WE HAVE THE MOST DESIRABLE ADDITIONS TO THE CITY 

FOR SALE. 

McLA UGHLIN & De VERE. 



->£• \J/' \<y- \£/ 

v,C ~,c -> ( ~ ~ { < 



Pop RemcJ(2epal:iV e InV^tmenbj 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



109 



RANSOM L. HAMMOND, 

Attorney at LaW, 



IRON MOUNTAIN. 



F, J, TRUDELL, 
Attorney at Law, 

IRON MOUNTAIN. 



J. K. WRIGHT. No Duplicate Bills required for Iron Mountain. a. P. WRIGHT, 

MARINETTE, WIS. IRON MOUNTAIN. MICH. 

WRIGHT BROTHERS, 

DEALERS IN 

GENERAL MERCHANDISE, Etc, 



ALSO WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 



CEDAR RAILROAD TIES, FENCE AND PAYING POSTS. 

Stores at Marinette and Pike, Wis., Quinnesec and Iron Mountain, Mich. Established at Marinette in 1867. 



SAVING & CO., 

Mercfiai)!' [gilors, 

Stephenson Aye. 
IRON MOUNTAIN. 



JOSEPH LEMIEUX, 

Architect^ Builder 



Plans, Specifications and Estimates 
Furnished on Short Notice. 



Office on Hughitt St., Near C. & N. W. Depot, 
IRON MOUNTAIN. 



JOS. BALDIERI, 

dealer in 

Groceries and Provisions. 

FRUITS IN SEASON. 
IRON MOUNTAIN, - MICHIGAN. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



A. B. GEILFUSS, OWNER. 

Cheap Lots are Offered in this Beautiful Addition to 
Iron Mountain, on 

Loi)g Tin)e and Q$s$ Parents. 

Warranty Deeds with Perfect Title can be given to all 
who desire to own Property in this Charming Locality. 



(&yi& [jQlClt embraces a whole half mile bordering 

XL on the Western portion of the city, 

and is intersected by all Streets extending West, from 
" Flesheim on the Hill " to " D Street in the Valley," and 
the furthermost limits can be reached by pedestrians within 
fifteen minutes' walk from the Mines, the Post Office and 
principal stores. The surface is mainly level, soil is rich 
sandy loam, suitable for the easy culture and maintenance 
of lawns, flowers and other garden products. Its Streets 
are being graded and sidewalks laid on the principal thor- 
oughfares at heavy expense to the owner. Lawndale is 
destined to be the principal residence addition about Iron 
Mountain. On A and B Streets the Contracts and Deeds 
to purchasers will prohibit residences being built within 25 
feet of line of Street ; considering the Improvements 
already made, and others contemplated, we recommend 
Investments in this Plat. The lots are sold on Easy Terms : 
no smaller payment than $10.00 being received. Plats free 
on application. Address, 

A. B. GEILFUSS, 

Cashier Commercial Bank, 
or, MILWAUKEE, WIS. 

GEO. McKINSTRY, Resident Agent, 

203 B Street, IRON MOUNTAIN. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



DON'T GO ABOUT 

With the idea that you can possibly be well dressed if you don't wear GOOD SHOES. 
You may pay princely prices for your clothing but if your FOOTWEAR looks as though 
there was room for improvement the WHOLE EFFECT WILL BE LOST. 
I make a specialty of easy, neat, snugly fitting and serviceable 

SHOES 

that will give you every satisfaction. 

SCOTT, THE SHOEMAN, 
STEPHENSON AVENUE, IRON MOUNTAIN, MICH. 



Thos. N. Fokdyce, Pres. Herman Nagle, Treas. 

Lee Fokdyce, Sec'y. 



ager fjeer, 



BREWED FROM THE VERY BEST AND PUREST MALT AND 
HOPS, AT 

IHOKT ItwfcOTTN'T'.A.IlT, 

DICKINSON CO.. - - MICHIGAN. 

BY THE 

UPPER MICHIGAN BREWING CO. 



JOHN RULE, 

EX-STREET COMMISSIONER. 

Earth and Rock Excavating 

A SPECIALTY. 

CONTRACT TEAMING, LOGGING AND GENERAL 
HAULING. 

TELEPHONE. ~^.- 



JOHN FRIEDRICH, 

JUSTICE OF THE PEACE, AND 

REAL ESTATE AGENT. 

IBON" ZMTOTTIsr'T^I.ItT, ZMZICHI. 
Agent for Washington Park Addition to Iron Mountain. 



(on)n)erciaI pjotel, 

THE ONLY BRICK HOTEL IN THE CITY. 

Heated by Steam, Lighted by Gas, and First Class 
in all its Appointments. 

V. C, CHELLEW, PROP'R. 

W. F. MCMYLER, MANAGER. 



R. TH. MILLER, 

IRON MOUNTAIN, - - MICHIGAN. 

OFFICE IN SROSSBUSCH BLOCK. 

REAL ESTATE 

FIRE, LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE. 

Loans Negotiated, Houses for Sale or Rent. Rents 

Collected and Taxes Paid for Non-Residents 

Sole Agent for St Clair's Several 

Additions. 

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



FELCH HOTEL, 



The Most Centrally Located. Hotel In Iron Mountain. 

Rates : Transient Guests, $2.00 a Day. Special Rates 

for Regular Boarders. 

PLEiLSi^iTT qtxa:r,t:b:r,s A3STID zfiirst class table. 

'BUS TO AND FROM ALL TRAINS. 

W. W. FELCH, Prop. 



AUGUST C. PAUL, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

rons, Carriages and Sleidis 



GENERAL BLACKSMITHING. 
Horseshoeing a Specialty. 

IRON MOUNTAIN, - MICH. 



A. I. LEVEQUE, 



DEALER IN 



Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, Etc. 



ALSO A FINE SELECTION OF 



SOUVENIR SPOONS AND BIRTHDAY RINGS, 



409 STEPHENSON AVE. 



John B. Weimer, 



DEALER IN 



REAL ESTATE 



CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



S. MORTENSEN, 

Photographic s Tb'tist, 

The Best Equipped Studio on the Range. 

Besides Portraiture, Mr. Mortensen makes 

a Specialty of Landscape Photography, 

Groups, Animals, etc. 

Many of the half-tone reproductions in this publication— 
the Menominee Iron Range— are, as will be seen on refer- 
ence to tbe list of Illustrations, from photographs taken by 
S. Mortensen. 

GALLERY: STEPHENSON AVE., OPP. C. & N. W. R'Y DEPOT. 



COOK & PELHAM, 
^ttorrjeys, 

ALSO SOLE AGENTS FOR 

Hamilton & Merryman's 1st, 2d, 3d and Park Additions, and 
Rosenheim's 1st and 2d Additions to Iron Mountain, 
and Peninsular Improvement Co's. Lands. 

Also other properties in different parts of the City. 



Rents collected, Insurance procured and Taxes paid for non-residents. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 113 

GEO. W. JOHNSON, President, Sharon, Pa. R. WILLIAMSON, Sec'y aud Treas., Sharon, Pa. 

J. T. JONES, Gen. Mgr., Iron Mountain, Mich. 



fjotighton /VWr^I [and 3Dd Jroi> (on)p(ing. 



Iron Mountain, Mich. 



-^*«® 



WO THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED ACRES OF 

V MINERAL AND TIMBER LANES, 

^- ^ .On the Menominee and Marquette Ranges. 

( 

Including North y& of Sec. 30, Known as the 

KIMBERLY ADDITION 



CITY" LOTS 

AND OTHER PROPERTY FOR SALE IN IRON MOUNTAIN. 
FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE APPLY TO 

JOHN T. JONES, 

Gen. Mgr., 

Iron Mountain, Mich. 



ii 4 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



E. J. INGRAM, 

DISPENSING * DRUGGIST. 



Drugs and Medicines, Stationery, Perfumery, Fancy Goods, 

Bar Fixtures and Cigars. 

^^.IHSTTS, OIL ^.HTJD GLASS, 

STEPHENSON AVE.. IRON MOUNTAIN. 



J. E. CLANCY, 

Architect and Superintendent, 

IRON MOUNTAIN, 



"THE IRON RANGE," 

Established 1879. 

R. P. TUTEN. Editor and Proprietor. 

THE REPRESENTATIVE PAPER OF 

"The Menominee Iron Range," 

Subscription, $2.00 Per Year 

PRINTING HOUSE : 

300 CARPENTER AVE., IRON MOUNTAIN. 



K. S. BUCK, 
Jewelry and Musical Instruments, 

IRON MOUNTAIN. 

Mason & Hamlin Pianos and Organs, 
Clough & Warren Pianos and Organs, 
Standard Sewing Machines, 
White Sewing Machines, 
Sold on Easy Payments. 

Correspondence solicited and Catalogues sent on application. 

A large stock of Watches, Silverware, Jewelry and 
small Musical Instruments constantly on hand. 
All kinds of Watches repaired and accurately 
timed. 



DENTISTRY, 



J. D. JONES. D.D.S; 



Room 1, Wood's Block, 



SOL. NOBLE, 

Blacksmith * and » Wagonmaker, 

CUTTERS, SLEIGHS, WAGONS AND MINING GEAR. 

HORSE SHOEING A SPECIALTY. 
Agent for the Harrison Wagon Co. and the B. F. & H. L. Sweet Common Sense Sleighs. 

Ludington St. East, IRON MOUNTAIN. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



i*5 



CARL SCHULDES, 



-DEALER IN- 



Drg Goods, Clothing, Gents' Furnishings 



MILLINERY, ETC. 



moosr n^EOTJiNrT^^insr, mich. 



SEIBERTS 

Central Prescription Drug S 



Fancy Goods, Toilet Articles, Blank Books, 

Druggists' Sundries, and Stationery. 

LARGEST PRESCRIPTION 

BUSINESS OS THE MENOMINEE RANGE. 



ARTHUR FLATT, 



DEALER IN 



DOMESTIC & IMPORTED CIGARS. 



Stationeru, Cigars, 

Smokers' Articles, Confectionery and Musical Mer- 
chandise. Newspapers and Periodicals. 



333 and 335 Stephenson Avenue. 



LUDINGTON STREET, 



J. E. ROBBINS, 

FURNITURE, 

ROBBINS' BLOCK, IRON MOUNTAIN. 



DAVID BERGERON, 

Justice of the Peace 

AND 

FIRE INSURANCE AGENT, 



TVE. G- Alexander, 

Contractor and Mason. 

Estimates Furnished on all Classes of Work in My 

Line. All kinds of Brick Laying and Mason 

Work a Specialty. 



IRON MOUNTAIN, 



MICHIGAN. 



n6 Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 

[}je Iron JVUflnfaii) Insflraoce Jteocg, 

OFFICE AT FIRST NATIONAL BANK, 

DOES A GENERAL INSURANCE BUSINESS. 



Representing the Following Companies : 

ASSETS. 

TRADERS INSURANCE COMPANY, of Chicago 81. 345. 574-75 

LIVERPOOL AND LONDON AND GLOBE, of Liverpool 6,793,576.00 

LONDON AND LANCASHIRE, of London 1,615,641.00 

IMPERIAL, of London 1,583,450.00 

LONDON ASSURANCE, of London 1,543,995.00 

HAMBURG-BREMEN, of Hamburg 1,129,604.00 

COMMERCIAL UNION, of London 2,716,029.00 

NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE, of London 3,347,802.00 

GERMAN-AMERICAN, of New York 5,286,249.00 

BOYLSTON, of Boston 909,878.00 

GERMAN, of Freeport 2, 187, 173.00 

CONNECTICUT, of Hartford 2, 163, 717.00 

AMERICAN, of Philadelphia 2,401,956.00 

FIRE ASSOCIATION, of Philadelphia 4,512,782.00 

GRAND RAPIDS, of Grand Rapids 275,595.00 

WESTERN, of Toronto 1,039,232.00 

NIAGARA, New York 2,237,492.00 

HARTFORD, of Hartford 6,576,616.00 

INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA 8,951,518.00 

PENNSYLVANIA INSURANCE CO 3,485,310.00 

CONTINENTAL INSURANCE CO 5,587,949.00 

NORWICH UNION INSURANCE CO 5,008,237.00 

ORIENT INSURANCE CO 1,939,223.00 

SUN FIRE INSURANCE CO 9,135,004.00 

PHOENIX ASSURANCE CO 7,430,536,00 

QUEEN INSURANCE CO 6,845,120.00 

MICHIGAN FIRE AND MARINE INS. CO 841,713.00 

NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL INS. CO 1,579,717.00 

NEW YORK UNDERWRITERS INS. CO 3,726,345.00 



AMERICAN EMPLOYERS LIABILITY INS. CO. 
LLOYDS PLATE GLASS INS. CO. 



Any and all Business intrusted to our care will have Prompt and 

Careful Attention. 

LOSSES PROMPTLY AND EQUITABLY ADJUSTED. 

L. T. STERLING, MANAGER. 



Business Directory of Iron Mountain, Mich. 



117 



E. L. Parmenter, Proprietor. 



F. C. Cole, Manager. 



<]CAR LOTS A SPECILATY.D* 

<1LARGEST STOCK ON THE RANGE> 

Tfje (M [timber Y^rd, 

[RON MOUNTAIN, MICH. 



ROUGH AND 

DRESSED LUMBER, 

FLOORING, SIDING, 

SHINGLES, LATH, 

SASH, DOORS, 
MOULDINGS, ETC. 



TELEPHONE. 



MILLS AT 

INGALLS^VULCRN 

MICH. 



WM. HOCKING, 

DEALER IN THE FINEST 

Imported Wines, Liquors and Cigars 

Pool Rooms in Connection. 
Stephenson Avenue and Brown Street. 



"TE3E BESSEMER," 

THE RANOEMANS' RESORT. 

Choicest Foreign Wines and Liquors 

Finest Brands of Cigars. Imported Ales and Export Lager. 

SOL. NOBLE. 
Opposite "Wood's Stone Block. - - Lndington Street. 



M. C. GLEASON. 

DEALER IN 

Imported and Domestic Licuors, 

WINES, ALES AND CIGARS. 



THE CHAPIN HOUSE, 
MEEE.IT eeos. 



DEALERS IN 



Wines, Spirits and Cigars 

STEPHENSON AYENUE. 



HASTINGS & HANCOCK, 



-DEALERS IN- 



FRESH, SALT AND SMOKED MEATS 

Poultry, Lapd, Butter and Eggs. Fruits and Vegetables in Season, 

EEO"VvTSr STREET, - - LROIT A4:0"0"iTTJ^IlT. 




CHAPTER V. 

(CONTINUED.) 

THE TOWN OF FLORENCE, WISCONSIN. 



I HE traveller taking the morning — Chicago & North- 
_L western — train, which passes Iron Mountain at eleven, 
reaches Florence in ample time to take a constitutional and 
"do" Central Avenue before repairing to his hotel for his 
mid-day meal. 

On the way to Florence, which is thirteen miles north- 
west of Iron Mountain, and at an additional elevation of 158 
feet, you pass through a park country, diversified by 
stretches of forest, whose tall hardwood and tamarack 
trees, wave their October crests golden as tassels of ripe wheat, over the mirrored 
bosoms of countless lakes which spread their bare breasts iridescent as a peacock's 
tail, with the loud reflections of flaming woods. Four miles out and you cross 
the Menominee river and enter Wisconsin, and also upon a stretch of idyllic scenery. 
At Spread Eagle Lakes, half way between the two towns, you get a glimpse of the 
celebrated wastes of water remarkable for the fish which frequent their silent pools, the 
charming diversity of their shore line, and for the reason that people of note in the 
world of finance and fashion, make annual pilgrimages hither, attracted by its righteous 
reputation. Here is a summer hotel kept by Mr. Chainey, whose steam-launch connects 
with the trains, and who equips camping parties with boats and other necessary para- 
phernalia. Five miles further and you reach Commonwealth, where in obedience to the 
demand of the miners, a village has sprung up alongside the ore-bed which is responsible 
for its nomenclature. The attractions of Commonwealth are not apparent to the 
traveller. They rest beneath the surface. Practically, it is an adjunct of Florence, 
from which it is only one mile distant. Up to this latter point your way has been 
parallel with and in places but a few yards distant from the line of the Escanaba, Iron 
Mountain and Western railway, built by the Schlesingers, and sold to the C. & N. W. 
people. As yet, it is ironed only as far as Lake Antoine. One mile further and you 
swing into the spur track and pull up alongside the station platform and within pistol 
shot of deep Fisher Lake. We know the origin of this town's baptism. Stroll with me 
up its main thoroughfare, and listen to the brief tale of its endeavor. 

In October, 1873, as previously related, Mr. H. D. Fisher of Menasha, discovered 
the mine, which is located on the N. ^ of N. E. % °f Sec. 20, T. 40, R. 18. This was 
first known as the "Spread Eagle." The property then acquired also included S. E. % 
and N. W. of N. E. %. of Sees. 21, 40, 18. Subsequently Messrs. Hagerman and Van 
Dyke secured by purchase a three-quarter interest in the property. In March, 1880, 
Mr. Fisher laid out the town site, and the same month placed a bunch of lots upon the 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



119 



market. "We'll put 'em in at government prices," said the "man from Menasha," 
"$100 for the ordinary lots, and $150 for the corners. Who wants 'em?" It would be 
nearer the mark to say, who didn't want them, for in sixty days Mr. Fisher had sold 
$60,000 worth of his realty. The population at that time was about 50 people. 
Originally part of the counties of Marinette and Oconto, a new count}' was created 
through this patriarch's efforts in 1882, of which Florence of course, is the count}' seat, 
and through the donation on the part of this progressive promoter, of 50 town lots for 
churches, school, and other humanitarian purposes, the news of its competing adolesence 
spread through the land. Amongst the earliest migrants to reach its aptitudes was Mr. 
William Noyes, who opened the first grocery on the south side of the old trail, who was 
followed by Mr. Chris. C. Olin, Mr. A. E. Guensburg, Mr. J. W. Molloy, Mr. Kneebone 
and others. The first two opened up extensive trading establishments almost simul- 
taneously on opposite sides of the Main street, the latter confining himself exclusively to 
dry goods, whilst Mr. Olin dealt in general merchandise. The experiences of the latter 



as related by himself are 
and the conditions of the 
stock in trade from Quin- 
trails, and considered 
cargo. Originally located 
avenue, he peddled goods 
zaar was tediously hauled 
location. May 12th, 1880, 
lished, with H. D. Fisher 
rying the mail over the 
turesque Quinnesec. 
was noted for possessing 
on the range, the Spread 
genial Jack Armstrong, 
above Fisher Lake, out 
sufficient bass and pick- 




Ma. H. D. Fisher. 



characteristic of the man 
times; he hauled all his 
nesec, over horribly bad 
three kegs of nails a full 
at the corner of Central 
whilst his travelling ba- 
up street to its present 
the postoffice was estab- 
in charge, he himself car- 
old tote road from pic- 
Florence, at this time, 
the best "rest " house 
Eagle House, kept by 
It stood on the bank 
of whose dark waters 
erel could be pulled out 



in fifteen minutes to satisfy a dozen backwoodsmen. The timber for its construction 
was hauled all the way from Marinette. The country was an undisturbed wilderness 
in the earlier days, not even a tote road, nothing but the half chopped out survey lines 
made by the government. But why re-draw the picture. From Waucedah up these 
early chronicles repeat themselves. Mining development hastened it to fruition, until 
to-day it presents to the investor in search of a "good thing" the following list of 
attractions: 

Florence village of to-day — it ye' remains to be incorporated — comprises an area of 
166 acres; the township of same name covers an area of 171,698 acres, and the county 
of Florence embraces a fruitful territory of 312,270 acres. Its exact location is on Sec. 
21 and 28, T. 40 N., R. 18 E. The length of its streets according to County Surveyor 
C. S. Simpson, is eight miles, with an ordinary width of 66 feet. It is supplied with 
6,800 feet of water mains, and 20 hydrants, and you can pursue your reflective perigri- 
nations over its well kept sidewalks for four statutory miles. Besides the original 
Fisher location, the 1st and 2d Steele and Merrick additions, and that of Dr. Fortier 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



have been platted and attached for business and residential purposes. The water works 
which are situated on the lake front, consist of a Knowles pumping plant, which supplies 
sufficient power to throw streams of extinguishment to an altitude of 100 feet from eight 
hydrants at the same time. Mr. W. Noyes is Chief of Fire Department, which is 
outfitted with two hose carts, and 2,500 feet of hose. It has an excellent general system 
of waterworks, fed by the lake, which is a mile long. The town is lighted by electricity. 
Mr. F. R. Whittlesey is the postmaster, and handles weekly an average of 4,000 letters 
and 1,000 papers, etc. 

The population of Florence is now nearly 2,000, and the volume of its business has 
been estimated at $500,000 per annum. Hitherto the bulk of the business done outside 
of that created by the mines, has been that exacted by the careless expenditure, by the 
"river-driver" and the "lumber-man." When it is known that 31,000 men are 
employed in the handling of Wisconsin saw-logs and lumber, and nearly 10,000 animals, 
an idea can be reached of the extent of the commissariat and general outfitting necessary 
to equip such an army of pacific devastation. Of the 5,407,934 acres of merchantable 
standing timber in Wisconsin, Florence county contains 287,966, consisting of white 
and Norway pine, hemlock, cedar, maple and birch. Of the grand total of all the state, 
565,000 acres is covered with many varieties of magnificent hardwood. — -I have been to 
some trouble as reference to the figures at the end of this chapter will show, to make a 
compilation of statistics bearing upon the timber resources of the states invaded by the 
Menominee Range. 

The men who drive the logs down the rising floods of these highland rivers, 
their co-adjutors who fell the trees and do the log-rolling in the woods, together 
with the remainder of the legion engaged in kindred avocations, are an absolutely 
distinct and certainly peculiar people. From the "lumber-baron," who is reaping 
the reward of his earlier rude experiences, to the hero of the "sorting-boom," the head 
"river-god" of the "drive," the "mule-puncher" of the tote-road, or the prince of 
"pine-cruisers," they are for the most part made out of the same extra No. 1 quality 
material, and all of whole cloth. This same compliment cannot be extended to their 
garments, which though decidedly picturesque, betray an element of shoddy. In their 
parti-colored mackinacs, the members of this Zingari coated crew, of many nationalities, 
largely composed of Canadian French, when they undertake, as is their not unusual 
custom, to paint the town scarlet, never omit to make " Rome howl," and the echoes of 
these frequent centenaries seldom fail to reach Florence. When the lowering tides of 
the Michigammie offer no opportunity for log-driving, or when an insufficient snow-fall 
makes hauling an alleged impossibility, or when any excuse or no excuse presents itself; 
if his head aches, and he thinks a swig of "Jim Crow" will "knock it cold;" or it 
doesn't ache and he aches to let it ache, and knows that Kentucky sour-mash will "take 
the trick;" or he longs to "buck the tiger;" or, man of many impulses — perhaps some- 
what negatively good — even his heart aches, why then he will cache his cant-hook and 
visit Florence, and there divert himself according to his mood, and to the limit of his 
physical manhood, and his "wad." 

Florence has some fine public buildings. Its court house and jail, built of cream- 
colored bricks, with blue limestone trimmings, and metal-shingled roof, are handsome 
structures and show to advantage in the open square which surrounds them. They are, 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



of course, built from designs of Architect Clancy, and costing only $21,000, grounds 
included, present probably better value received than do any other modern buildings in 
the peninsula. The registers of the public school, kept by the principal, Mr. E. D. 
Rounds, show a daily attendance of 306 pupils. Mr. Rounds is assisted by nine lady 
teachers. A library containing 600 volumes, is attached to the school house, which 
also contains a very fine assembly room, wherein are held divers legitimate entertain- 
ments. The School Board consists of the following gentlemen: A. K. Godshall, G. C. 
Youngs, Julius Boseman, Chas. La Salle, Mrs. H. Barnes, Nelson Norton and S. T. 
Beattie. The County Officials whose offices are located in the new court house are: 
Hon. Omer Hough, County Judge; Wm. Judge, Sheriff; E. W. Keyes, Treasurer; 




Court House and Jail, Florence. 

J. E. Parry, Clerk; Frank Waring, Clerk of Circuit Court; W. C. Haberkorn, Registrar 
of Deeds; R. Mitchell, Coroner. Mr. W. H. Clark is District Attorney, having been 
elected to office for 1885, 6, 7, 8 and 1891 and '92. Besides being the only resident 
lawyer, he operates extensively in realty. 

Florence is under the executive control of a Board of Supervisors, composed of the 
following gentlemen who are zealous in their endeavors to promote the interests of their 
prospering town: Chairman, Mr. Charles Loughrey; Members, Mr. Edwin Ball and Mr. 
J. W. Molloy; Town Clerk, Mr. Frank Waring. 

Mr. Loughrey is one of the oldest and shrewdest merchants in the place, and has 
held his office continuously since his election at the date of organization. The history 
of Florence is bound up with his name, as practically he is the civic father of the town, 
and is held in popular esteem from Quinnesec to the Gogebic. Mr. Ball is captain of 
the Florence mine, and as a practical mining expert is regarded as second only to Mr. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



J. N. Porter, late general manager of the Florence, Iron River and Stambaugh mines, 
and holds the respect of the people. Mr. Molloy is the leading livery man of the town, 
and apart from his qualifications as a supervisor, he can, whilst equipping you with the 
breeziest road team on the range, entertain you with a string of the latest risque stories. 
To kindly and popular Frank Waring, the Board's trusted advisor, I am as elsewhere 
mentioned, under obligations. 

The Florence Mining News, established in 1881 and published by Mr. Geo. C. 
Youngs, is accepted, and with good cause, by outside mining circles, as an authority on 
the subject of range development, and is a material factor in the advancement of local 
interests. The Mining News was originally established by Mr. Atkinson in 1880, who 




Dr. Cook's Hunting Camp. 



sold his interest to Mr. Chase Osborne, now of the Sault Ste. Marie News, and Mr. J. J. 
Tower in 1883, who in turn disposed of the good will to Mr. Geo. Youngs, the present 
proprietor, in 1887. The assessable property of the town, as equalized, amounts to 
$771,000, and its rate of taxation lower, it is claimed, than any other town on the 
Menominee. At the junction of the Michigammie river with the Brule, a little over two 
miles distant, the waters rush over a fall of 65 feet, presenting endless power for the 
driving of machinery suitable for converting the utilizable trees of the forests, into pulp, 
and every possible kind of manufactured woodenware. The Paint river falls also are 
only four miles from the railway depot, and the Pine river almost at its door. These 
dense thickets are the ambush of all the big game animals that have their habitat in 
the territory. Bears, wolves and fur-bearing mammals patrol under the gloomy arches 
of its pines, whilst the less combative but more curious deer frequent the clearings, into 
which the woodman's axe has invited the sunshine. Unchecked pot hunting under lax 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



123 



laws was formally indulged in. In one year alone, Mr. Wm. Noyes shipped to outside 
markets venison worth $6,000. Stringent legislation and alert game guardians now 
place a check on indiscriminate slaughter. At the present time the only open month in 
Wisconsin for deer shooting is November; in Michigan it is October; hence from bank 
to bank of the Brule and the Menominee — the separating state boundaries — the wily 
hunter rafts his quarry to suit the emergency. Deer stalkers from all quarters congre- 
gate in these Wisconsin woods, for the climate, scenery and sport is without equal. 
For a season or two past Dr. A. J. Cook, of Cleveland, and a party of kindred spirits 
who have together hunted deer for many years and in many places, have chosen 
Florence county as their stamping ground. " Our party never looks for profit," writes 
the doctor, "and we never look for fur bearing animals, we simply enjoy an outing and 
yield for a few short weeks to a hereditary desire for the 'chase,' but the law which 
prevents a man from taking his game home, after permitting him to shoot it, and so 
deprives him of the op- 
and distribution, robs 




Mr. Chas. Loughrey. 



portunity of exhibition 
him of half the pleas- 
of framing acceptable 
apparent. I introduce 
camp, taken from life; 
hunting scene. Starting 
ure the following are 
exponents of woodcraft: 
Peck, Harry E. Cook — 
les McDermott (front) 
(rear), Jas. H. Peck, 
bert J. Cook, and Char- 
cent to Florence is a 
eral, and explorations 
gress. Capt. Jas. To- 
up the Commonwealth, 



ure." The difficulties 
protective legislation is 
a view of Dr. Cook's 
it makes a characteristic 
with the left hand fig- 
the names of these hardy 
Henry Carter, Ernest 
the German chef — Char- 
guide, John Be avis 
George Barnes, Dr. Al- 
les Doolittle. 

The country adja- 
bed of concealed min- 
are constantly in pro- 
bin, who first opened 
has recently developed the Mayflower, two and one-half miles southeast of Florence; 
O. C. Davidson, F. R. Whittlesey, J. E. Parry, W. A. Curry, G. M. Keyes, F. Waring 
and P. McGovern, being interested. Wm. Noyes and others at the Buckeye on the 
W. y 2 of S. E. }£ of Sec. 33, T. 40, R. 18, have from a 96-foot shaft drifted into a first 
class showing. On the S. E. % of Sec. 25, T. 40, R. 17, the Baird Mining Co., com- 
posed of the Guensberg Bros., M. St. Peter, of Iron River, and A. Lustfield, of Crystal 
Falls, have, after sinking 65 feet, produced a stock pile of 300 tons of black magnetic 
ore, analyzing 64 metallic iron. The country is alive with such instances but the 
discoverers as a rule, endeavor to keep their operations a close secret. 

No statistics in answer to my request have been furnished by the officers of either 
the Commonwealth or Florence mines. The officers of the latter are: Pres. Jno. Scott, 
N. Y.j Superintendent, S. T. Beattie; Captain, E. Ball. Last year it employed 580 
men, and produced from its five shafts 213,570 tons of non-Bessemer brown hematite, 
giving 61 per cent, of iron. Its total production since the date of first shipment in 1880, 
is 960,065 tons. The royalty now paid by the operators is 24 cents on every ton of ore 



124 The Menominee Iron Range. 

over 15,000 mined, and 40 cents on a minimum output. A three-fourths interest in the 
Florence was sold last year for $350,000 cash to the Schlesinger Syndicate. The 
Commonwealth mine produced last year 116,786 tons. In 1880, the first year of opera- 
tion it produced 9,643 tons. Its total to date is 717,344. Otto C. Davidson is 
Superintendent. 

Facts of interest and worth knowing, in connection with the timber product of the 
United States. — Compiled from official sources, with especial reference to the states of 
Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Menominee Iron Range: 

In 1890 the number of Mills, Factories, etc., in Michigan was 1, 957 

" " " Wisconsin was 863 

Capital invested in Michigan 8111,302,797 

" Wisconsin 84, 586,623 

Average number of Hands tmployed in Michigan 44,000 

Wisconsin 31,000 

Wages paid in Michigan $ 12,813,335 

Wisconsin 8,813,188 

Total value of Products and Re-manufactures in Michigan $ 68,141,189 

" " " Wisconsin 49,547,410 

The town of Menominee ranks second in the six principal lumber producing cities of the Northwestern 
States. In 1880 it ranked sixth, showing a total value of $1,294,834; to-day its value of mill products is 
placed at $4,208,689. The product of its sister city of Marinette, on the opposite side of the river in Wis- 
consin, is valued at $2,420,891. The consumption of timber at these two points, in 1890, was 450,000,000 
feet. Lumbering establishments in these places yet own about 4,000,000,000 feet of standing timber. — A 
sufficient supply for another decade. 

In the woods of Michigan 9,240 animals are employed in logging, etc. ; in Wisconsin the number is 9,936. 

In Michigan there are 101, and in Wisconsin there are 45 establishments engaged in the following 

industries, viz.: The manufacture of handles, chair-stock, etc., tubs, pails, churns, miscellaneous wooden 

ware, hoops, paving blocks, hubs, spokes, wagon stock, agricultural implements, etc., with an aggregate 

business valued at $2,924,809 and $2,206,024 respectively. 

Not one cent's worth of these necessaries are manufactured in the towns of the Menominee Range. 

Who will come and experiment for one tithe even of the local trade now begging for local manufactures? 

In Michigan the number of establishments using water power exclusively is 138; in Wisconsin 137. 

During the decade ended May 31, 1890, it is estimated that in Michigan 69,867 acres of timber were 

burned over by forest fires, and in Wisconsin 46,341, killing an estimated 344,925,000 feet (board measure) 

of standing timber. 

In Michigan 279 miles of logging railways are operated; in Wisconsin 100 miles. 

The estimated area of merchantable timber lands in all Michigan to-day is 4,040,343 acres. Of 700,000 
acres of Forest in Iron county, tributary to Crystal Falls, 450,000 acres is covered with merchantable 
timber. 

The merchantable timber of Wisconsin covers an area of 5,407,934 acres. Of this Florence county 

contains 287,966 acres out of an area of 307,806 acres of forest land, and tributary to the town of Florence, 

Michigan contains about 2,602,565 acres of pine land, white and Norway (standing timber); 218,486 of 

hemlock; 91,067 of cedar, 413,545 of various soft woods; 10,025 °i oa k; 81,299 °£ beech, birch and maple; 

1,238 of ash; 35,199 of elm and 586,919 acres of various hard woods. 

Wisconsin contains about 4,194,308 acres of pine land, white and Norway (standing timber); 126,658 of 
hemlock; 14.100 of cedar; 607,476 of various soft woods; 20,195 °t oa k; 9,960 of beech, birch and maple, 
1680 of elm, and 433,557 acres of various hard woods. 

The huge crucible of wealth formed by the valley of the Menominee Range, is boiling over with the 
profitable essence of trade, who will come with the ladle of industry and grow rich on even the skimmings 
of its present waste? 



FLORENCE, WISCONSIN. 



It is the County Seat of Florence County. 

It has a population of 2000. 

It has a Weekly Newspaper. 

Ten years ago it was practically a forest; to-day it is lighted by Electricity, has a 
well-equipped Fire Brigade and has a good system of Water Works. 

It has 8,000 yards of Sidewalk. 

It has a High School, costing $10,000. 

It has three District Schools. 

It has one Presbyterian Church, one English Methodist, one Swedish Metho- 
dist, one Lutheran, and one Roman Catholic Church. 

The yearly Retail Trade of Florence is estimated at $1,000,000. 

It has a Theatre and an Opera House. 

Its Assessable Property, as equalized, amounts to $771,000. 

Its rate per cent, in Taxations is the lowest of any town in the Menominee Range. 

It has one of the largest Mines in the Menominee Range, within one-quarter of a 
mile from the village. 

Its facilities for Water Powers cannot be excelled. 

It has thousands of acres of Mineral Lands yet unexplored. Options can be 
obtained on these lands at a Reasonable Royalty for the purpose of exploring for 
mineral. 

It offers Inducements to manufacturers for erection of Factories, etc. 

It is within two miles from the Commonwealth Mine, one of the leading shippers 
on the Range. 

It has several very promising explorations within four miles of the Village. 

It is near the mouth of the Paint, Pine, Brule and Michigammie Rivers, where all 
the principal Log Driving is carried on. 

Its Insurance rate is from one to five per cent., the leading board Insurance 
Companies being represented. 

CHAS. LOUGHREY, 
EDWIN BALL, 

FRANK WARING, J. W. MOLLOY, 

Town Clerk. Board of Supervisors. 




School House, Florence. 



FLORENCE BUSINESS DIRECTORY.' 



CLASSIFIED LIST OF ADVERTISERS. 



Attorney — 

Clark, Wm. H. 



State Bank of Florence, 
E. E. Wilcox, Cash'r. 



Butcher — 

Kneebone, R. J. 

Civil Engineer — 

Simpson, Chas. S. 

Dry Goods — 

Guensburg, A. E. & E. 



General Merchants — 
Noyes, W. W. 
Olin, C. C. 
Smith & Loughrey. 

Livery — 

Molloy, J. W. 



0. C. DAVIDSON, Pres't. H. D. FISHER, Y.-Pres'L E. E. WI1C0X, Cashier. 

DIRECTORS. 

Peter McGovern, H. A. Hansen, O. C. Davidson, 

Oliver Evans, E. E. Wilcox, Charles Loughrey, 

H. D. Fisher. 



State Bank of Florence, 

CAPITAL, $30,000.00. 



A General Banking Business Transacted 



fflWA-f^g at Lowest Rates on all parts of the Old 
' Country, also on Chicago, Milwaukee 



CHARLES S. SIMPSON, 

PRACTICAL CIVIL ENGINEER, 

Land Surveyor and Draughtsman, 
florence, wis. 



Surveyor for Florence County, late Draughtsman for 

£., /. M. &° IV. R. R. Nine Years' Experience 

on the Menominee Range. 



and New York. 



Mine Surveying. Town Sites and Additions Flatted, Min- 
eral and Timber Lands Examined. Surveys made for 
Projected Railway Lines, or River Improvements. 



W. W. NOYES, 

DEALER IN 

groceries, prol/isioos, Flotir, Etc. 

Central Ave., 
florence, wisconsin. 



ALL KINDS OF 

FURS AND DEER HIDES 

BOUGHT AND SOLD. 



Established 1880. 

J. W. MOLLOY, 

LIVERY, 

Sale and Exchange Stable, 

also jobber in 

zfizlste XjTt:m::b:e:r, 

Central Avenue, FLORENCE, WIS. 



A. E. & E. GUENSBURG, 

proprietors of the famous 

CHICAGO STORE," 

THE OLDEST DRY GOODS STORE NORTH OF THE MENOMINEE RIVER, 

joy the Reputation of Tip,, P n n J „ Plnlili-i-nh BooTs . Shoes, Hats, Caps, 
Tying the Largest and J [ V Q [] | [] Zj Quilll.!* Furnishing Goods, Carpets, 

;t Stock of J J (g! Trunks, Etc, on the Range. 

SPECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO 

SUPPLYING LUMBER AND EXPLORING CAMPS. 



GOODS IN LARGE QUANTITIES SOLD AT WHOLESALE PRICES. 



Business Directory of Florence, Wis. 127 

Established I88O. 

smith & loughrey, 
General Merchandise, 

lumbermen's and 3/Cining Supplies, 

FLORENCE, ln£IS, 

C C. OLIN, 

DEALER IN 

Groceries J)ri) Goods, (toting, <f)oots and^hoes, 

HATS AND CAPS, CARPETS, ETC. 
R.J. KNEEBONE, 



DEALER IN 



P^esl^, Salt^Snjol^ed Meats, 

Vegetables, Butter, Eggs, 

Poultry and Game in Season, 

QUINNESEC STREET, FLORENCE, WIS. 

^S8 if EstVEs Agent, ^g^, 

WM H. CLARK, 
Attorney and Counsellor, 

FLORENCE, WIS. 

Commissioner of Deeds for Mich. COLLECTIONS A SPECIALTY. 



CHAPTER V. 

(CONTINUED) 

THE TOWN OF CRYSTAL FALLS, MICHIGAN. 

/q) EOGRAPHICALLY, almost last on the 
I «t list of urban attractions which I prom- 
V-*«— s ised you, but somewhat like the 
postscript to a woman's letter, in the matter 
of its importance, Crystal Falls, the judicial 
seat of Iron County, now insists upon your 
undivided attention. 

Nine miles from Stager, the junction of the 
Iron River branch with the Falls branch, and 
which junction is six miles from Florence, 
this unincorporated mountain town of refuge 
|Le for crystal streams, mineral waters, astute 
explorers, and keen men of business, lies on 
the slope of a high hill's summit, and with its 
painted modern residences, a melange of yel- 
lows, browns, and blues, appears to the trav- 
eller if he approaches by the wagon road from 
the east bank of the Paint river, like a mari- 
gold or a huge marguerite planted in a bed of living moss, with its lofty Court house — 
whose foundations rest on an elevation of 230 feet from the river's level — peering from 
the city's centre a petal of masonry. The railway station at Crystal Falls is 52 feet 
above Florence, and 760 feet above Lake Michigan. This altitude you can within ten min- 
utes walk increase by 300 feet additional if you care to ascend the clock tower of its noble 
court building, from the open gallery of which the kneeling lands of the adjacent country 
— exaggerated tidal waves of greenest vegetation — go rolling and skipping, a sea of 
curving mountains into near and very heavenly horizons. 

Whether any such exalted ideas as these entered into the considering caps of Silas 
C. Smith of Marquette, who is credited with being the first discoverer of ore in the 
district, or of Col. Whittlesey, who exploited the country in the early '6o's, it is not 
my province to determine. How these tales of discoveries later led to actual develop- 
ment is explained by Mr. A. P. Swineford (Annual Review of Lake Superior Mines, 1881) 
who quotes John N. Armstrong as the first practical pioneer, and whose investigations 
led to the development of what is now the Mastodon, and of the Shelden and Schafer, 
which subsequently became the Union mine. Mr. F. G. Clark, county surveyor, writes 
that "early in 1880, the Maltby Bros, and Ephraim Coon took an option on that portion 
of Sec. 20, T. 43, R. 32, now known as the 'old Crystal Falls mine,' and worked it 




The Menominee Iron Range. 



129 



until the following October, when they surrendered the option to Geo. Runkel and S. D. 
Hollister." Both of these latter gentlemen played an active part in the amplifying of 
other discoveries, and were largely instrumental in the creation and early growth of this 
physically gifted village. Contemporary with these operations, Capt. Frank Raher, 
another mining expert who had graduated in the Norway district in the earlier days, 
reached the Falls in the winter of 1880, directed hither, as he told me by enterprising 
Mr. Breitung. He located on this same Sec. 20, on which he built a log shanty, and 
with his party of five traversed the Paint river until he discovered, after a few months' 

exploring, a mine, which was christened 
after the stream whose boisterous torrent 
washed its base. The option for this was 
secured for Mr. Breitung, Mr. John McKenna 
and Dr. Bond. In 1881, this indefatigable 
inquisitor laid bare in Sec. 21, the hitherto 
hidden secrets of another deposit, the Great 
Western, ordinarily known as the North 
Star. The option of this was secured by Geo. 
Runkle, S. T. Hollister, and A. C. Hall. 
These two were the first mines operated 
in the district, but their example helped to 
inspire other operators to more heroic 
efforts, for with the advent of that prince of 
colonizers, the Chicago and Northwestern 
railway, a branch line of which was constructed 
from Stager, to tap this hot bed of hema- 
tite, seven mines in 1882 were ready to prac- 
tically embrace transportation opportunities, 
and that season jointly shipped of their 
superlative minerals to eastern furnaces, 
42,111 long tons. These were the Crystal 
Falls, Fairbank, Great Western, Mastodon, Paint River, Shelden & Schaefer and 
Youngstown, and thus from these northern peaks — a mineral empyrean — was fired the 
first industrial rocket which was destined to inflame with its magnitude, the attention of 
those of the world of capital who hastened to surrender their "collateral" as hostages 
of their working intentions. 

The creation of Crystal Falls as a town-site, is due to the implicit confidence in its 
future, entertained by S. D. Hollister, Sr., and George Runkel, who reached the place 
September 18, 1880. Here their premeditated jaunt into the Agogebic country was 
forgotten in the astounding discoveries as related to them by Henry Maltby. Realizing 
that the region was inconceivably rich in iron ore, they organized the Crystal Falls Iron 
Company, and together with Jas. H. Howe, purchased the land upon which a portion of 
the village now stands, from Guido Pfister, who had bought originally direct from the 
government, and in 1881 commenced to lay out the property in town lots. Close upon 
their heels came J. E. Bower, druggist, in June, 1881, who erected the first building in 
this backwoods camp. This was a cottage for Mr. Runkle, and stood — and for that 




Court House. 



130 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



matter yet stands, disguised with modern adornment — under the same roof as that of the 
present handsome residence of Capt. J. C. Roberts, at the head of Superior street, upon 
which highway there stood the camp of loggers and axemen, engaged in cutting out this 
leading thoroughfare. All of the personal effects brought by Mr. Bower at this time 
had to be "packed," carried on the shoulders, tied with a "tump line," — a broad 
leather strap which rested on the forehead — from the nearest bridge over the Brule river, 
nine miles distant. In 1881 the prospecting population came by stage from Florence. 
In the spring of 1882 the very wolves trembled in their lairs on the heights that over- 
hung the roaring Michigammie, for above its tumultuous din the scream of the first 
locomotive awoke the sleeping bears a month too soon, and established direct business 
communication with the world at large. In 1881 came another pioneer, a man of push, 
experience and prominence, in the person of Jerome B. Schwartz. Mr. Schwartz, it 
will be remembered, was referred to in Mr. Whitehead's narrative, as captain of the 
Breen Mine at Waucedah in 1877. Of this same Mr. Schwartz it was written in Swine- 



ford's Annual Revietv, 1880, 
nection with the Vulcan 
possessed of the power to 
hundred feet of drift and 
could have done better 
mine in its different parts. ' ' 
Capt. Schwartz made him- 
home. He discovered the 
own account the Maggie, 
unteer, but considering 
Tilden mines at Negaunee 
degree of his prescience 
erected a store, also, and - s 
iness, for though subse- 
tion, there were but forty 
town plat proper, some 600 




Mr. Jerome B. Schwartz. 



in reference to his con- 
mine, "that had he been 
see plainly through a 
rock, it is doubtful if he 
in his opening up of the 
As a mineral detective, 
self notable in his new 
Alpha, exploring on his 
Windfall, Lincoln and Vol- 
that he had charge of the 
as far back as 1865, the 
is not astonishing. He 
embarked in a general bus- 
quent to railway connec- 
persons residing in the 
men were employed in the 



mines, and at the saw-mill, whilst back in the woods, hundreds of men were 
occupied in getting out the saw-logs. During the period that followed, Mr. 
Schwartz realizing the future of Crystal Falls, invested extensively in real estate, 
acquiring the "addition" which is known by his name, and continuously pros- 
pered, finally building a handsome residence on Fifth Street, at a cost of $8,000 — which 
for interior decoration and finish has scarcely an equal north of Milwaukee — and ulti- 
mately being elected to the presidency of the Village Board. The opportunities thus 
shrewdly embraced by Mr. Schwartz, still present themselves in a more alluring and 
desirable form, in the Crystal Falls of to-day, which offers advantages of signal singu- 
larity to the wise ones who will industriously study its special list of commercial 
possibilities. 

Though the good people of Crystal Falls are terribly addicted to the wholesale 
consumption of the perennial waters of their native spring, towards which it is no 
uncommon sight to see a procession of citizens — an army of cup bearers — marching for 
a matutinal drink down Superior Street, there are yet some who find comfort in a good 



The Menominee Iron Range. 131 



cocktail, a taste acquired possibly in the days of Tony Hardinge, who was the first 
saloonkeeper in the precincts, and which acquirement partly from curiosity and certainly 
more through force of habit than carnal desire, is yet occasionally manifested by some 
estimable citizens in a visit to Doucet's modern sample room, from whose windows the 
mineral water contingent — residents and tourists — can be seen renewing their vitality at 
the Sulphur Springs on Mr. Schwartz' corner lot opposite. For some time past it has 
been an open question whether Crystal Falls will eventually obtain greater prominence 
from its being the focus of an extraordinary number of active mines, or from the fact 
that it is the site of a wonderful spring, whose healing waters uninterruptedly gush from 
a natural fountain at the foot of its main street, where it offers its calcic flood — a tested 
pool of Siloam — to afflicted humanity. Judge Grant, a short time since, sent samples 
of this water to Professor V. C. Vaughan, Ph. D. M. D. of Hygiene and Physiological 
Chemisty; Director of the Hygienic Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 
for analysis. The following is Mr. Vaughan' s verdict: 



Grains per Gallon. 

Sodium Chloride 0.64 

Potassium Chloride, traces 

Silica 0.37 

Alumina 0.09 

Nitrates and Nitrites absent 

Organic matter 1.06 



The water is clear, odorless and neutral. 

Grains per Gallon. 

Total solids 1 1 . 66 

Loss by ignition 3.09 

Residue after ignition 8.57 

Free Ammonia 0.003 

Calcium Sulphate 2.33 

Calcium Carbonate 4.04 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.14 j 

This is a good Calcic water. The Crystal Falls water contains less organic matter, Alumina and 
Silica than the Bethesda, and these are decided advantages. Moreover, the large amount of Calcium 
Carbonate in the Bethesda water is not a virtue. On the whole, I should say that the comparison is 
favorable to the Crystal Falls water. 

Respectfully, 
[Signed.] V. C. VAUGHAN, 

Prof. Chemistry Ann Arbor University. 

Mr. Peter Larson of Florence, a practical interpreter of "what's what," with a 
degree of business foresight, which in the light of results can only be regarded as second 
sight, has established bottling works alongside the spring, and as the potency of its 
qualities have reached a more than local fame, he has had to enlarge his works in order 
to meet the demand for this bottled elixir. Already travellers from afar visit the place 
solely for the purpose of indulging in its systematic potation, and as according to 
Dr. Vaughan it excels the celebrated Bethesda water of Waukesha, it is only a matter 
of time before its use becomes universal among the suffering multitudes, whose physical 
clock-work needs simple but heroic cleansing. 

During the year which witnessed the incoming of the iron horse, multitudes of men 
as a sequence followed. This new mineral Mecca presented a combination of attractions, 
in variety somewhat to the more stereotyped inducements offered by its eastern rivals. 
It was newer, indeed it was the newest, and it was odd, from a pictorial standpoint 
essentially odd; for it rested on the tilted mountain side, aggravatingly like a good-look- 
ing girl in a ship's deck-chair, waiting to be embraced with all its wealth of native charm. 
And men of all nations and of as many varying degrees in the matter of pluck, wisdom, 
acquisitiveness and capital, as there are eggs in an ant-hill, came along and — embraced it. 



132 



The Menominee Iron Range. 




Mr. H. W. Harte's Residence. 



In 1881 arrived D. C. Lockwood, 
D. Bannerman and Dr. H. C. 
Kimball and Mrs. Kimball, the 
first resident lady in the place; 
then Al. Austrian, O. O. Welch, 
R. Dawson, L. M. Tyler, Frank 
Scadden, Dr. J. L. Kimball, 
Martin Ragan, J. H. Elmore, 
Charles Henry, K. S. Buck, now 
of Iron Mountain, W. Doucet, 
now proprietor of the Crystal 
Falls Opera House, the best of 
its kind on the range, and as 
an absolutely first-class "show" 
hall, second to none on the pen- 
insula. Following these, Nicho- 
las Lachapelle, restaurateur, 
surrendered to the picture presented, as did Dr. A. A. Metcalfe, a successful prac- 
titioner, whose reputation preceded him. Chas. Gallagher, J. P. and Ex-Deputy 
Sheriff Walsh fell into line, and joined the procession up the slope, in the footsteps of 
Andrew Vandandaigue, who built the second dwelling house in the village, in August, 
1881. J. Brown the "wet goods" merchant arrived in 1882 with a view to "qualifying" 
the effects of the mineral water, and on his tracks came Carl Pardee, Wm. Russell, 
R. Flood, Geo. Freman and Captains W. H. Morrison and Frank Proker. In October 
of 1882, Mr. E. E. Dunn, discoverer of the Metropolitan Mine, and now Registrar of 
Deeds and County Clerk, commenced exploring on the Youngstown — the old Brier Hill — 
Mining Co.'s property, later discovering the Clare Mines. Mr. Dunn was elected to 
office first in 1886, and still remains in harness in evidence of popular opinion. His 
declaration as to the richness of the district is worth framing. "A party of five or six," 
he asserts, "working continuously during the summer months at any time almost, 
would be likely to discover a mine. The inducements for explorations are inconceivably 
great." 

One dilemma constantly confronts the 
would-be-recorder of facts in his recital of the 
daily chronology of a new city, namely the 
uncomfortable monotony presented by the 
ever recurring information pumped into him, 
with the regularity that the lever pumps 
cartridges out of a Gatling, from a certain 
class of citizens, who humbly confess all and 
every, that each mother's son of them, was 
the first squatter to reach the town. I have 
also met a dozen men who, one and all assured 
me, that they individually were the original 

Mr. Schwartz's Residence. 




The Menominee Iron Range. 



133 



discoverers of the same mine. — But why abuse confidences? — I abstain from listing these 
gentlemen, as I have no desire to be party to what I feel would inevitably culminate in 
a horrible and bloody vendetta, and merelj' refer to the circumstance — having no special 
reference to the worthy burghers of Crystal Falls — to explain the ordeals which beset 
the bookmaker; if however, I should meet a man of the type referred to, who will swear 
that he has discovered less than all the mines in the Peninsula, I will present him, dead 
or alive, to the Smithsonian Institute. 

In 1882, when hay was $22 a ton and the population 500, came Mr. John Fisher, 
the leading produce merchant of the place, now a member of the Board of Trustees, and 
a most estimable citizen, but his advent was anticipated by Mr. Fay G. Clarke, Mining 




The Crystal Falls, Paint River. 

Engineer and County Surveyor, a "pioneer of more towns than one," and who at the 
time of the initial work on the Menominee River branch of the Chicago & Northwestern 
road, followed up the advancing civilization which ran a neck and neck race with the 
construction of the railway. For a practical and thorough knowledge of the north- 
western territory of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Mr. Clarke has few if any equals, 
the examination of lands and the making of topographical surveys necessitating the 
traversing of a wide area of country. From information furnished by him, I am in a 
position to present the results of the concrete enterprise of the residents of the village. 
Since the date of its platting, August 6th, 1881, when and for some years after all was 
bush and dense thicket, 41,400 lineal feet of streets have been constructed, and — nearly 
eight miles — in constant use. Its sidewalks extend for 14,500 feet, whilst the wagon 
roads — highways — within the township — 43, R. 32 — in which Crystal Falls is located, 
are 26^ miles in length. Seventeen miles of railway intersect its prolific acres, for the 
country is not all rock, neither does the granger need to plant his potatoes with a shot 



134 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



gun, as the fact that there are sixteen well cultivated farms within a radius of six miles 
from town, should indisputably prove. On Mr. Uren's farm within shouting distance of 
the Lockwood Hotel, there were raised this year, 3,000 bushels of potatoes, 100 tons of 
millet, 1,000 bushels of oats, 2,000 bushels of Swede turnips, besides garden truck. 
The oat stalks stood measurably higher than the tallest man. The soil is a rich sandy 
loam, and produced 65 cords of maple, bass and birch, to the acre. The estimated area 
of forest land in Iron county is to-day (according to extra Census Bulletin No. 5) 700,000 
acres; 450,000 is said to contain merchantable timber, principally hard maple, with pine, 
cedar, hemlock and birch. 

Mr. J. H. Parkes is one of the early pioneers, as well as one of the prominent men of 
the range. He reached Quinnesec on the first construction train, following the completion 
of the road to Florence, and reached Crystal Falls in 1884, being then in the employ of the 



Sawyer Goodman Co., 
Parkes subsequently 
nerman Hotel, and fitting 
soon controlled an enor- 
ness, supplying the min- 
Last year he sold out, 
in logging on the Paint, 
his annual cut of white 
25,000,000 feet, and nec- 
300 men. Mr. Parkes 
Menominee opportunities 
H. W. Harte also 
Harte only reached the 
once embarked in the 
This he retired from 
started the yards now j lo- 




Mr. J. H. Parkes. 



getting out logs. Mr. 
bought out the old Ban- 
it up as a hardware store, 
mous and lucrative busi- 
ing and logging camps, 
and at present is engaged 
Hemlock and Net Rivers, 
pine reaching nearly 
essitating the labor of 
is another example of 
and push. 

operates in lumber. Mr. 
Falls in 1888, but at 
general store business. 
in November, 1890, and 
cated on Third St. and in 



partnership with Mr. Gilman conducts a local wholesale and retail trade, supplying also 
sashes, doors, lime and cement. Last year this company sold 4,000,000 feet of lumber, 
the bulk of it for building purposes within the village, over $50,000 worth of material being 
put into residences, and handled principally by Mr. Kitto, builder, to fill his contracts for 
citizens. Of these Capt. C. T. Roberts' residence, corner of Superior and Fifth Sts., 
cost $5,000; Mr. Max Berlowitz' residence, corner of Michigan and Fifth Sts., cost the 
same; Mr. C. T. CrandalFs house, same street, cost $3,000; Mr. Russell's handsome 
home, $4,000; Mrs. J. F. Schafer's house, near Forrest Avenue, also cost $4,000. 
Mr. P. E. Dunn's celebrated Cedar Castle on Maple Hill, the interior fittings of which 
are said to be ultra original, cost $6,000; the residences of Mr. Ed. Florada, and Mr. 
S. D. Hollister, $1,500 each; Mr. Doucet's house on Marquette Avenue, $4,000, and 
Mr. Harte' s own dwelling, at the corner of Forrest Ave. and Fifth St., taxed the owner 
$5,000. 

Of this residence I submit an excellent picture, also one of Mr. Schwartz's won- 
derful house, to which I referred previously. All of these houses are fitted with every 
modern convenience; are most handsomely furnished with remarkable taste, and with 
their Dutch fire places, electric lights and stained glass casements, are very bowers of 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



135 




'The Lockwood. 



comfort, by the glowing side of whose 
ingle nooks, the thriving citizen can 
sip his toothsome toddy — he ought to 
if he doesn't — in the bosom of his 
own or some other fellow's family, 
and offer up thanksgiving for the cir- 
cumstances which directed him to 
this prosperous haven in the hills. 
These houses, as I have said, are 
painted in the prevailing shades of or- 
thodox tints, and seen from a distance, 
flaunt their colors like a bed of wild 
poppies. In the table of Real Estate values I have already given the prevailing prices 
of property at Crystal Falls. These prices are steadily rising, and with an increasing 
population, rated at 4,500 to-day, are bound to maintain an upward tendency. The 
quotations of to-day may not be law tomorrow. Several additions, as a matter of 
course, have been pinned on to the original town site — the Maple Grove, the Wagner 
and Carey, and most important the Glendale, which is within two blocks of the Court 
House. This is the joint property of H. W. Harte, Geo. Eisman and Mr. A. Flewelling, 
attorney, who is the representative lawyer and leading expounder of law in Iron County. 
This property is well wooded, and from a picturesque place of vantage, commands a 
magnificent view of the surrounding uplands. The main line of the electric light plant, 
and of the water-works, passes through Glendale. The water supply of Crystal Falls — 
I speak of the water-works product — is the united flow of four streams, which by 
damming create one general reservoir. There are 8,000 feet of water mains, and 17 
hydrants, the pressure in which is maintained by powerful engines, though the elevation 
of the crest of the town, at the Court House, gives of itself more than ample power for 
the portion of the village situated below. The fire department, which is as yet a volun- 
teer one, consists of three hose carts, two chemical engines with hook and ladder outfit. 
The development of these range towns is simply astonishing; one day an untrodden, 
howling wilderness, and within a twelve-month presenting a greater variety of neces- 
saries and more modern luxuries, than cities of a former 
generation would have acquired in a life-time. The post- 
office at Crystal Falls, Mr. A. Parkes, postmaster, handles 
some 5,000 letters daily, and about 13,000 papers weekly; 
the business of the office amounts to over $60,000 a year. 
Complete choice is offered the Christian in the way of pur- 
suing his own sectarian form of divine worship. The Cath- 
olic church which was built in 1885, is in charge of Father 
Sutter; the Episcopal Methodist congregation is led by the 
Rev. T. J. Macaulay, and the Swedish church of the same 
denomination is under the pastorate of Rev. H. G. Boivia. 
This latter congregation have just erected a new tabernacle 
on Crystal avenue at a cost of $2,250. There are some 
500 Finlanders working in the mines. St. Mark's mission 




Lustfield's Store: 



136 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



has lately been established under the visiting ministrations of the Rev. Ball-Wright, 
rector of the Episcopal parish of Menominee, with Mr. R. Munns, churchwarden, 
and Mr. C. M. Rogers and Dr. Metcalfe, lay readers. Neither in educational matters 
is Crystal Falls any less advanced than its sister towns of the Menominee. The 
High School, which is most picturesquely situated amid the elms and pines on Fourth 
street, is in the charge of Miss A. Blasdell, principal, aided by six lady assistants, 
all graduates from normal schools. The census shows a school population of 490, 
with an attendance of 330 boys and girls both included; twenty-eight of these are 
high school pupils. 



h 'mssPZ 


\ « iUJI 


1 % 




" p J 





The High School. 
The Village of Crystal Falls is under the local government of a Board of Trustees, 
composed of the following citizens: Jerome B. Schwartz, President; James Wilkinson, 
Clerk; A. Lustfield, Treasurer; J. E. Bower, Casper Aberle, John Fisher, Chas. S. 
Henry, Wm. Russell, C. G. Campbell, Board of Trustees; Hugh McLarren, Marshall; 
P. E. Dunn, O. M. Brown, Assessors; David Kitto, Chief of Fire Department. With the 
exception of that of Mr. Campbell, the advent of all of these, save one other, has been 
referred to. Besides being proprietor of the Stephenson House, Mr. Campbell recently 
acquired Mr. Bower's drug business, and in partnership with his son who is a graduate 
in chemistry from Ann Arbor, controls the trade. In all communities, there will always 
be found one or two men, who by reason of their enterprise and business activity, are 
rightly regarded by their fellows, as being wholly representative of local progress and 
trade interests. Such an one in the case of Crystal Falls is Adolph Lustfield, proprietor 
of the "Fair." Mr. Lustfield was born in Bohemia and after a successful career — 
consequent upon his own exertions — embarked for America and elected in March, 1882, 
to remove from Oconto, Wis., where he was engaged in business, to the present booming 
centre of his choice. By his own inherent push, aided by a happy disposition, he soon 
became the corner stone in the commercial world of Iron County, and I hasten to 
publish his successes, both on account of his personal worth and the value of his example, 
as proof of the possibilities of Crystal Falls, if properly embraced. Shrewd, just, an ever 
wise counsellor, and an unflagging worker in the town's interests, Mr. Lustfield' s deeds 
should be perpetuated in letters of brass. 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



137 



Crystal Falls, as I have related, is the judicial seat of the county, a list of whose 
officers I here append; Patrick E. Dunn, Registrar of Deeds and Clerk; J. F. Corcoran. 
Treasurer; C. T. Crandall, Prosecuting Attorney; W. J. Brown, Probate Judge; W. J. 
Tully, Sheriff; E. P. Lott, Circuit Court Commissioner ; F. G. Clark, County Surveyor. 
The offices of these good people are in the Court House. I have shown you the appear- 
ance of the building by the zinc etching on page 129. One word as to its construction, 
It is built of cream colored brick with blue limestone trimmings. The small pilasters of 
polished blue granite which support the sides of the front archway, were quarried from 
the mountain of granite, which rests within stone's throw of the railway depot. The 
interior fittings are finished in antique oak, and the court room itself is the largest audi- 
torium in the Upper Peninsula. The cost of the building will exceed $50,000. The site 
chosen is a magnificent one. The base of the building at the head of Superior street, is 
about a third of a mile from the railway track, and about 230 feet above the river. 
Surmounting the front pediment is an allegorical group of statuary, three figures seven- 



teen feet high, Justice, 
cable to the citizens 
new comer. The ar- 
Mr. J. E. Clancy, of 
side the Court House, 
just been completed, 
front the visitor — and 
posing surrounded as 
silent and everlasting 
townwards from the 
"The Lock wood," the 
the Menominee Range, 
within hailing distance 
and commands an 
neighboring mines, 
has 55 rooms, and 
steam heated, and ex- 
nished, it deserves, 




Mr. Adolph Lustfield. 



Law and Mercy, appli- 
and encouraging to the 
chitect of course was 
Iron Mountain. Along- 
a handsome jail has 
These buildings con- 
appear strangely im- 
the place is by the 
hills — as he drives 
station on his way to 
hotel par excellence of 
"The Lockwood " is 
of the Court House, 
entrancing view of the 
hills and forests. It 
lighted with electricity, 
ceptionally well fur- 
under the admirable 



management of Messrs. Sax and Brazee, all of the eulogy bestowed upon it by the 
exacting tourist. Its cuisine breaks you up on the grounds of unexpected quality in so 
remote a capital, as do also — if you are of a susceptible disposition — the attractive 
goddesses in white who answer to your appeals in the dining room. Apropos of dining 
rooms, this one at the Lockwood, with its dazzling napery and printed menu, is in 
refreshing contrast to the menage of a certain range establishment where a crisp story is 
told of a tender traveller, who upon the announcement of "soup," was weak enough in 
the absence of a bill of fare to enquire, "What kind of soup, please?" The answer came 
terse and emphatic, "Dam' good soup, and don't you forget it." 

Crystal Falls abounds in most picturesque highways, and at Hollister's livery barn, 
alongside the hotel, you can secure any kind of an outfit that your fancy dictates, and 
traverse all its umbrageous byways. Many of the elevated portions of the township 
consist of fields of argillaceous slate, changed by igneous action. On the Michi- 



138 The Menominee Iron Range. 

gamme river the cut banks of diorite, raise in places their 150 sheer feet of canyon 
wall, the increasingly high hills from which, mount upwards until their loftiest crests 
hang a purple-green gonfalon 1,800 feet — I am told — above Lake Michigan. The 
Caledonia Falls of the Michigamme above the Mansfield Mine, offer a dream in 
drench, rock and foliage. The glens along the dalles of these rivers are a thicket of 
deers' antlers, and the waters of lakes, rivers and brooks teem with whitefish and 
speckled trout, bass and herring. The Fortune chain of lakes is but four miles distant, 
whilst four miles further west yet the county road crosses the Chicagon river, the lake 
of which name rests a deep basin of several miles square in the heart of the great hard- 
wood forest. The country in a word is a sandwich of scenery and sport, best described 
by a volume whose alternate pages would consist of leaves from Longfellow and the 
American Field, Bryant and Forest and Stream. If any one at a distance is anxious to 
learn more of these range towns I urge him to subscribe for one or more of its local 
papers. They are replete with reliable and with the latest information on every point. 
Crystal Falls possesses two such, The Diamond Drill, a five col. qto., when first estab- 
lished by Mr. Claude Atkinson in January, 1887, now fills up a seven col. qto., and a 
supplement in addition, and is the largest weekly in the Upper Peninsula, outside of 
Ishpeming. Mr. Atkinson's paper is an ably edited text book on Menominee Miner- 
alogy; in addition to this the editor is a Nimrod and a most enterprising citizen. The 
Clipper, the old Cycle, though recently purchased by Mr. Andersen, has under his vigorous 
management acquired a new field of usefulness, and shares the journalistic honors. 

At the time of writing, exclusive of express and telegraph offices, etc., and Drs. 
Beck and Moffit, and Mr. Kinney — Crystal Falls' Bank — there are about ninety persons 
engaged in various lines of wholesale and retail business. Of these, six are interested in 
the dry goods and clothing line, carrying stocks of from five to twenty thousand dollars, 
and do a business of $ 150, 000 a year, whilst the three general stores carrying about an 
equal amount of stock, handle some #300,000 annually. Amongst other industries is 
the cigar factory of Chas. R. Kirbey, employing 15 hands, whose specialty the "Opera," 
is scattering its smoke and its reputation as far west as Washington Territory. Across 
the river is the new driving park with a first class half mile track. All the Benevolent 
Societies flourish, and the Free Masons and Knights of Pythias are especially live 
organizations. 

Outside of the fact of its unrivalled richness as a mineral center, Crystal Falls is 
another of these range towns which present extraordinary inducements to the manu- 
facturer of Wood or Iron, seeking the cheapest motor and the most profitable market 
for his product. The Paint river runs at the foot of the village, and the horse power 
above and below the Falls is estimated at 15,000. Now, the horse power of science is 
really three times greater than that of the animal itself. Seven men are equivalent to 
one horse unharnessed by science; hence the ordinary water power is equal to 45,000 
cart horses, or the might of 300,000 able-bodied miners, provided their energies were not 
wasted by an all-night session of pedro. What a tug — not of war — but of industrial con- 
quest. If, as the chronograph has proved, that a telegraphic signal can be propelled 7,000 
miles in a fraction over one second, by a not extraordinary instrument, what manner of 
manufacturing propulsion could be produced by dynamos driven by 300,000 men? 
Crystal Falls offers the capitalist, contemplating starting a saw-mill or any kind of wood 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



139 



working establishment, or blast furnace, the benefit of free power equivalent to one-half 
of the available united manual labor of all the working men of the city of Chicago ! 
Who will come? At the present time — upon the authority of Mr. Parkes — about 
125,000,000 feet of lumber are cut on the Paint and its tributaries. Who will locally 
convert a portion of this into the staple articles of necessity? 

Crystal Falls, as has been previously reiterated, has the greatest number of shipping 
mines surrounding it than has any other district on the range, and the ores produced are 
of a very superior quality. Proof positive of this is the purchase of recent date, by 
Mr. Ferdinand Schlesinger of Milwaukee, and his associates, of the Dunn $100,000, 
the Armenia $40,000, the Youngstown $125,000, and the Iron River $250,000. Their 







Mining Made Easy by a Rand Rock Drill. 



purchase of the Florence for $350,000 and the Chapin for $2,000,000, I have already 
noted. Next year the Lincoln, Hope, Lee Peck and Inter Range will be added to the 
list of Crystal Fall shippers, whilst out of the newly developing explorations, such as 
the Glidden, Gibson, Lottie, Monongahela, Wagner, Bohemia, May, Parks and Tobin, 
Atlas, Chicagon, Lake and Gt. Eastern, some, it is confidently expected will have pur- 
chasable stock-piles. Whilst the Dunn is the greatest shipper in the district, the Mans- 
field explored by Mr. W. S. Calhoun, shows the richest product, analyses of samples 
yielding 65 per cent, metallic iron to .019 per cent, phosphorous. In addition to its 
mines of hematite, an outcrop deposit of Manganese, was recently discovered by Capt. 
C. T. Roberts, near the Mastodon, and from analyses of samples from a thousand ton 
stock-pile, gives an average of 40 per cent, manganese. Mr. F. G. Clark has recently 



140 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



located a similar deposit. As this mineral is worth $15 a ton, the value of these discov- 
eries is of incalculable importance to Crystal Falls. 

Eighteen miles from Crystal Falls by highway beyond the beautiful Fortune Lakes, 
and by rail twenty miles from the junction at Stager is located Iron River, an erstwhile 
candidate for the county seat and second only in importance to Crystal Falls. It has a 
thinking population of 1,200, Stambaugh which abuts it having 300 additional thinkers. 
It was platted in 1881 by D. C. McKinnon who owns the town site, which with Sipchen's 
addition now covers 100 acres. The real estate and personal property this year — as 
assessed — of village and township, amounts to $1,027,962. Gennesee street, the 
principal thoroughfare and lined with numerous stores, is graded for half a mile, Adam 
street for three-quarters of a mile, and Cuiyaoga street for the same distance, and all 
equipped with well planked sidewalks. The drinking water is conducted from a spring 




The Mansfield Mine. 



through ordinary pipes. The fire tanks are supplied from a reservoir fed by the Iron 
River. The fire department, in charge of Chief Minkler, consists of 30 men, who control 
seven hydrants and two hose carts, with 1,000 feet of hose, the pressure being 
maintained by a Cameron pump. The interests of the village are well conserved by a 
Board of Trustees, composed as follows: Alex. Quirt, President; W. W. Hunter, Andy 
J. Boyington, C. A. Ecklund, P. Andreson, Gus. Freidrich and John Carson, Trustees; 
Mr. Wright, Assessor, with Mr. Frank Ducker, Clerk. The Township Board is 
composed of Mr. St. Peter, Supervisor; Thos. H. Flanagan, Clerk; Young Campbell, 
Justice; W. H. Fechter, Treasurer. 

Mr. A. J. Boyington, proprietor of the well known Boyington Hotel, is the same 
Andy Boyington to whom I introduced you as one of the earliest pioneers at Iron 
Mountain. He moved to Iron River in 1883, and runs a hotel as famous for its good 



The Menominee Iron Range. 



141 



qualities as is he himself. Of the other leading citizens, Mr. Quirt, chief of the 
Trustees, originally connected with the mines since 1882, has from 1888 been extensively 
engaged in the hardware business. Mr. M. St. Peter, managing partner of Guensburg, 
St. Peter & Co., has been occupied since 1886 in directing the business of one of the 
largest dry goods establishments on the range, dividing the clothing trade with the 
J. M. Quinn Co., whose store is on the opposite side of Gennesee street. Business lots 
in the village are quoted at $200 up to $450 according to location. Outside residence 
lots, #100 to $150, and cleared acreage from $10 to $15. The newspaper interests are 
ably represented by the Iron County Reporter, published by Mr. P. O' Brien, assisted by 
Mr. Lee. The Reporter has flourished under its present management since 1887, it 
having been originally established by Mr. E. P. Lott as the Minitig Reporter in 1884. 

With these many galleys of antique primer, in which I hope I have not over wearied 
you with, a recital of some synonymously asserted facts — relieved, you will admit, by 
etching and half tone, good ink, capital "composition," and excellent press work — I leave 
you to your business reflections. That if not to-day, or tomorrow, "some other day" 
you will be tempted to scan with your closest commercial scrutiny, the extraordinary trade 
facts relative to the marvellous Iron Range of the Menominee, of which I have been 
permitted to handle the scalpel of divulgement — I have not the slightest doubt. The 
Menominee is a mesmerist. It has extended a trade invitation. The impulse — unknown 
to yourself — already implanted in your mind to test the measure of the' story of its 
resources, will grow upon you, until the desire to investigate becomes an all engrossing 
one, as it indeed must. 

Come then with scrip, or pick, or neither, so you have willing hands and a stout 
heart, and hasten to exact your share of legitimate "royalty" from 

* * * "A land whose stones are iron, 

And out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass." 




'The Chimes of the Menominee." 
A Representative Trio. 



TABLES 
Showing the Output, etc. , of the Mines of the Iron Mountain District, and of the Crystal 
Falls and Iron River Districts, for the year 1890, and the total shipments up to date: 





IRON MOUNTAIN DISTRICT. 










Name. 


Owners. 


Superintend'nt. 


First j 

Ship- Class of Orj. 

ment. 


Product 
1890 


Total 
Output. 








1882 
1880 

1886 
1886 




Iron. 


Phos. 




38,713 
3,218,543 

6,630 


Chapin 


Chapin Mining Co 

(M. A. Hanna, Prest.) 




Soft Hematite 






742. 8 43 








Hamilton Ore Co 

(Norman Hall, Prest.) 
do 


Jno. T. Jones. . . 


...do 






17,072 

1,496 
955 


Half and Half 


1889 
1890 
1882 
1880 


None in mark't 




















955 

17.871 

58,965 

843.975 














Keel Ridge. . . 
Ludington . . . 

*Millie 















Lumbermens Mining Co. 
(A. A. Carpenter, Prest.) 


R. Bankes 

Chas. McGregor 
E. F. Brown. . . . 


1880 

1881 
1890 
1878 
1887 
1882 
1883 


Some Bess'mer 


60 to 
68% 


.065 


97.355 

39.232 
26,991 






High grade Bessemer. 


66% 


9 
nnro 




Quinnesec . . . 




283,323 
15.194 

107,027 
17.205 












2,940 


Metropolitan. 








































1 







No information tendered. 



Total Tons 4,780,775 



CRYSTAL FALLS AND IRON RIVER DISTRICTS. 



Superintendent. 



First 
Ship- 
ment. 



Product, 
1890. 



Total 
Output. 



* Armenia 

Crystal Falls 

Dunn 

Great Western. . . 

Hollister 

Lincoln 

Mansfield 

Manganate 

Mastodon 

*South Mastodon. 

Monitor 

Paint River 

Shafer 

*Youngstown .... 



F. Schlesinger Syndicate. 



F. Schlesinger Syndicate. 

J. M. Turner, Pres 

J. H. Parkes, el. al 

Lincoln Iron Co 

Caledonia Iron Co. . 



E. Florada. 
O. Reibel.. 

F. Cole 

W. Hooper, 



J. B. Schwartz. 
Jno. Ericson. . . 



C. T. Roberts, Agent. 



W. S. Coffman... 

M. La Monte 

Shafer & Shelden. 
Florence Iron Co. 



H. Roberts. . 

E. Blake 

J. F. Clapp. 

F. Scadden . . 



Iron River. 
Nanaimo . . 
Shelden . . . 
Sheridan . . 



F. Schlesinger Syndicate. 

McKibbon Bros 

Shelden Co 

P. Sheridan 



O. Reibel . . . 
E. H. Jones. 



SS2 

88a 



26,649 

3.974 

156,963 

72,546 

2,020 

18,303 
6,844 
66,526 
1.476 
3LI39 
62,654 
60,133 
44,460 

155.458 
3.44 1 
not operating 

595 



76,924 

5.315 

45L559 

222,488 

2,020 

8,500 

18,303 

6,844 

323.910 

8,203 

43.487 
62,654 
126,169 
147,046 

844,066 

114,366 

2,092 

1,697 



*Not operating 1891. 

The Crystal Falls Mine was idle from 1883 to 1889. 

The product of the Dunn, Great Western, Mastodon, Paint River, Shafer, Mansfield and Hemlock, 
which for the period ending September, 1891, reached 406,000 tons, exceeded the shipments of all of the 
mines last year for the corresponding period by 85,000 tons, which should make the gross total product of 
all mines in the district for 1891 in excess of that for 1890. The Hemlock is a new shipper. 

Detailed description of any of these mines is an impossibility, not a single answer having been 
received to my applications for information. 

The Lincoln Mine (the old Fairbank) is now being re-developed and expects to renew its shipments 
next season. 



TOWN OF CRYSTAL FALLS, MICH. 



Facts and pointers worth considering: 

IT IS A FACT — That Crystal Falls is the centre of the healthiest locality in the Upper 
Peninsula. Ague, Hay Fever and kindred diseases are unknown. 

IT IS A FACT — That while Crystal Falls is but eleven years old, it boasts of a Hi°-h 
School, three Church Edifices, two Newspapers, two first-class Hotels, two 
Banks, Water-works supplying water for all purposes, and a Public Electric 
Light Plant, supplying streets, stores and private residences. Both of these are 
owned and operated by the village, which possesses everything desirable to make it 
a centre of comfortable homes. 

IT IS A FACT — That it owns on the Paint River alone one of the greatest Water- 
powers in Michigan, sufficient to drive all the necessary or possible machinery in 
the entire district. 

IT IS A FACT — That within its limits every requisite necessary to make a Blast Fur- 
nace a success, exists, such as Water-power and an unbounded supply of hardwood 
for charcoal, etc. 

IT IS A FACT — That sooner or later the shrewd manufacturer will realize that this is 
the place for a Hardwood Factory- Birch, Birdseye and other maple, and many 
varieties of beautiful wood, suitable for bench or lathe, grow in abundance, and in 
near proximity. 

IT IS A FACT — That there is room not only for one but for two Saw Mills, that will 
find in the surrounding mines a ready market for their product. 

IT IS A FACT — That almost in the city limits, but few rods from the railway, is a 
Mountain of beautiful bluish gray Granite susceptible to the finest polish. 

IT IS A FACT — That the cultivation of Strawberries and Cereals in this vicinity is 
an assured success. 

IT IS A FACT — That good land for agricultural purposes can be bought for $5 an acre. 

IT IS A FACT — That its Mineral Spring is better than the celebrated Bethesda 
Spring of Waukesha. 

IT IS A FACT — That Crystal Falls needs nothing but to be known, in order to become 
one of the greatest cities in Upper Michigan, which it assuredly is destined to be. 

J. E. BOWER, JEROME B. SCHWARTZ, Village President. 

C. ABERLE, JAMES WILKINSON, Village Clerk. 

JOHN FISHER, A. LUSTFIELD, Village Treasurer. 

CHARLES S. HENRY, HUGH McLAREN, Marshal. 

WM. RUSSELL, P. E. DUNN, O. M. BROWN, Assessors. 

C. S. CAMPBELL, DAVID KITTO, Chief of Fire Dept. 
Board of Trustees. 



CRYSTAL FALLS BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 



CLASSIFIED LIST OF ADVERTISERS. 



Abstracts of Title— 


Dry Goods — 


Mineral Water — 


Rogers & MacClintock. 

Attorney — 

Flewelling, A. L. 


"The Fair," 

A. Lustfield, Prop. 

Groceries and Meats — 


Larson, P. 

Mining Expert — 

Schwartz, J. B. 


Bank— 


Fisher, John. 


Ne wspapers — 


Bank of Crystal Falls, 
O. D. Kinney, Cashier. 

Cigar Manufacturer — 

KlRBEV, CHAS. R. 

Contractor and Builder — 


Hotel— 

The Lockwood, 

Sax & Brazee. 

Iron, Steel and Nails — 

BURDER & CO. 


The " Clipper." 

The " Diamond Drill." 

Opera House — 

W. Doucet. 

Photographer — 

Jas. McCourt. 


Kitto, D. A. 


Livery — 


Real Estate— 


Civil Engineer — 


HOLLISTER & CO. 


Glendale Addition, 


Clarke, F. G. 

Druggists — 

Campbell & Son, 


Lumber — 

Crystal Falls Lum. Co. 
Harte & Gilman. 


Harte, Flewelling and 
Eisman. 
Rogers & MacClintock. 
Schwartz, J. B. 



J. B. SCHWARTZ, 

CRYSTAL FALLS, MICH. 

Mining ExperteDealer in Real Estate 



owner of the 



SCHWARTZ ADDITION TO THE VILLAGE OF CRYSTAL FALLS. 



Lots Solid oh>t ZEj^s-st ILP^l.~2"3vce^tts. 



MINING OPTIONS ON ANY MINERAL LANDS IN THE MENOMINEE RANGE PROCURED. 

CORRECT REPORTS AND ESTIMATES 
ON MINERAL LANDS FURNISHED. 

TAXES FOR NON RESIDENTS PAID. MINING STOCK BOUGHT AND SOLD. 

REFERENCES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. 



Business Dirf.ctory of Crystal Falls, Mich. 



H5 




"THE FAIR" 

A. LUSTFIELD, Prop., 

MAMMOTH 



HEADQUARTERS FOR 



CARPETS, CLOAKS, HATS, SHOES, TRUNKS AND 

EVERYTHING ELSE CARRIED IN A STRICTLY 

FIRST CLASS STORE. 



THE OLDEST AND LARGEST ESTABLISHMENT IN CRYSTAL FALLS, MICHIGAN. 



A. L. FLEWELLINC, 

^TTOIRIISriE^-.J^T-IILj^^T", 

DUNN BLOCK, CRYSTAL FALLS. 



x^s. :m:ccottt3,t, 

PHOTOGRAPHER 

PORTRAITS TAKEN BY IMPROVED PROCESS, 

VIEWS A SPECIALTY. 

A large collection of views of Mines and points 
of interest in the Menominee Range always on hand. 
A number of the scenes in this book are reproduc- 
tions from Mr. McCourt's photographs. 

ORDERS BY MAIL RECEIVE ATTENTION. 

STUDIO, STTT'Eia.IOia STBEET. 



The only Democratic Paper in the County of Iron, 



The Official Paper of the Village of Crystal Falls. 



"[He (rgslftl pblls (jjpper, 

H. F. ANDERSEN, EDITOR AND PROP'R. 

(Successor to TEE CIIPPER PUBLISHTKG CO.) 
CRYSTAL FALLS. - - MICHIGAN. 



Advertising Rates on Application- 



Excellent Job Work Executed. 



146 



Business Directory of Crystal Falls, Mich. 



FIRE BRICK AND FIRE CLAY. 



MINING TIMBER A SPECIALTY. 



CRYSTAL PALLS LUMBER CO., 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 



SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, TJTMRF.fi LATH AN D SHINGLES. 

BRICK, HAIR LIME AND CEMENT. ALL KINDS OF BUILDING MATERIAL. WAGONS, 

BUGGIES, SLEIGHS AND CUTTERS. 

DEALERS IN REAL ESTATE — LOTS FOR SALE — GLENDALE ADDITION. 

"ST-s-ed jljsth Office, - "'sKT'est Thied Steeet. 



D. A. KITTO, 

Contractor and Builder 

BD1LDIS6S OP EVERT CLASS ERECTED WITH DESPATCH. 

ARCHITECTURAL PLANS CAREFULLY CARRIED OUT. 



CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



CRYSTAL FALLS, 



MICHIGAN. 



CAMPBELL & SON, 



DEALERS IN 



Drugs, Medicines, 

PAINTS, OILS, TOILET GOODS, CIGARS, 

PIPES, TOBACCOS, STATIONERY, WALL 

PAPER, NOTIONS OF ALL KINDS, 

CUTLERY AND AMMUNITION. 



Prescriptions Carefully Compounded by Day or Night- 

SUPERIOR AVE, - CRYSTAL FALLS. 



Finest Sample Room in the City. Half Block from Sulphur Springs. 

(rgstal [Tails (Jpera JNotise 

-wave. DOTJCET, PEOP'E. 

CENTRALLY LOCATED. 

Finest Auditorium and most complete Stage Appoint- 
ments north of Milwaukee. New and First 
Class in every respect. Seating capac- 
ity 1200. 

CRYSTAL PALLS, - - - MICHIGAN. 
The City conceded to lie the best Show Town on the Menominee Range. 



F. G. CLARK, C. E. 

MINING ENGINEER and SURVEYOR 




Particular attention to the Examination of Lands 

for Minerals, and the Superintendence of 

Exploratory Work. 



OFFICE IN 



BLOCK, CRYSTAL FALLS, MICH. 




'PERA." 



CHARLES R. KIRBEY, 

CIGAR MANUFACTURER, 

Crystal falls, Mich. 



FACTO RY Ho. 513. FIB ST DISTRICT. MICH. 



Business Directory of Crystal Falls, Mich. 



IA7 



Qendale J^ddittoi). 



This Beautiful Addition to the Village of Crystal Falls, recently platted, is now open. 

The Glendale Addition is situated within Two Blocks of the County 

Court House, with Main Line of Water Works and 

Electric Lights running through it. 

Lots for Sale at Prices and on Terms to Suit the Purchaser, 

FOR PARTICULARS APPLY TO 

H. W. HARTE, A. FLEWELLING, GEO. EISMAN, 

Crystal Falls, - - Michigan. 



^eJ)ian)oi)dJ)riII, 

PUBLISHED EVERT SATURDAY. 



PETER LARSON. 



SOLE OWNER OF 



SeVen Coliirpn Qiiarto, -vVith FiVe CoUirrfn 
Folio Supplement. 

Largest, Best Printed. Contains more Upper Pen- 
insula Mining News, Menominee Range News, 
■$b~ County News, City News, Editorial Notes 
and Comments than any other Newspaper 
printed on the Menominee Range. 
The Diamond Drill is not in a rut, but on the 
contrary is abreast with the times and always 
■}•£• always alive to the interests of City, County 
and locality in which it is printed. 
No pains or expense is spared getting The Dia- 
mond Drill Mining News, and it can always 
•jfe- be counted on as being absolutely correct 
and reliable. 
Subscriptions, $2.00 per year ; sample copies sent 
free on application. Its Extensive Circulation 
■$!$• and Newsy Columns make it a Superior Ad- 
vertising Medium. Rates on application. 
Joe Department Complete. Special Facilities 
for Handling Large Work on Short Notice. 



Crystal Falls Bottling Works 

MINERAL WATER 

Bottled at the Springs, No Other 
Used in the Manufacture of 

Larson's Ciinger Ate, 
Larson's Champagne Cider, 
Larson's Cream 5°d (t > 
Larson's Orange Cider, 
gird) §eer and all otl)er 
Carbon Waters. 

SAMPLES SENT ON APPLICATION, 



Address, 
C, II. ATKINSON, Proprietor, 



THE DIAMOND DRILL, 

CR YSTAL FALLS, MICH. 



The Crystal Falls Mineral Water as Analysed by 
Prof. V. C. Vaughan, is Superior to the Cele- 
brated Bethesda Water. 



STEAM PUMPS, 
WIRE HOISTING ROPE, 
OILS, CANDLES, ETC. 



Howe, Brown Co.'s Drill Steel. 
Ludlow Mfg. Co. Straightway Valves. 
Boston Belting Co. Rubber Goods. 
Boston & Lockport Co. Tackle Blocks. 
National Tube Works Co. Wrought Iron 
Pipe. 



BURDER & CO. 
Iron, Steel and Nails 

Mine, Mill and Liiii]bei , men , g {Supplied 



Superior Avenue, 



Crystal Falls, Mich. 



Business Directory of Crystal Falls, Mich. 




THE LOCKWOOD, 

SAX & BRAZEE, PROP'RS. 
CRYSTAL FALLS, MICH. 



•^"Special Attention to Hunting and Fishing Parties. 



Joseph Sellwood. J. H, Parks, 0, D. Kinney, 

President. Vice-Pres. Cashier. 

THE 

<f)3nk of (rgslftl Pblls 

CRYSTAL FALLS, MICH., 

Transacts a General Banking Business, Sells Foreign 
and Domestic Exchange. Agents for the lead- 
ing Steamship Lines and Fire Insurance 
Companies. Collections made at 
Lowest Rates. 



CORRESPONDENTS: — Chase National Bank of New York; Continental National 
Bank of Chicago; Plankinton Bank of Milwaukee. 



Abstracts of Title 

TO ALL LANDS IN IRON COUNTY, 



MAPS AND DIAGRAMS PREPARED. 
REAL ESTATE TRANSFERRED 

TAXES PAID FOR NON-RESIDENTS. 
CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



ROGERS & McCLINTOCK, 



ck,"X"st.&.Ij pails, 



MZICHIO-AIN". 



SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF HUNTING AND CAMPING PARTIES, 

H0I=I=ISTER & ©0., 

LIVERY, 

SUPERIOR AYE., CRYSTAL FALLS, MICH. 

'BUS TO AND FROM ALL TRAINS. RUN IN CONNECTION WITH THE LOCKWOOD HOUSE, 

JOHN FISHER, 

DEALER IN 

Beef, Veal, GROCERIES Mutton > pork » 

SALT AND SMOKED MEATS OF ALL KINDS, FRUITS, GENERAL PRODUCE, GAME AND 
FISH IN SEASON, CANNED GOODS, FLOUR, FEED, HAY, ETC. 



SUPERIOR STREET, 



CRYSTAL FALLS. 



IRON RIVER BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 



CLASSIFIED LIST OF ADVERTISERS. 



Dry Goods — 

Guensburg, St. Peter & Co 
Quinn, J. M. 



Hardware — 

Quirt, A. 



Hotel— 

Boyington House, 

A. J. Boyington. 



TROUT FISHERS' RESORT. NO HAY FEVER HERE. 



"THE CHICAGO STORE.' 



*[}fe -go^ingtor) f{ouse ; mmm , si. peter & co„ 

DEALERS IN 

DI(i 300D& CLOTfllM^, 



JAS. SKINNER, CLERK. 



A. J. BOYINGTON, Prop'R. 



LIVERY IN CONNECTION. 



GENESEE STREET, 



IRON RIVER. 



GENTS' FURNISHINGS, HATS, CAPS, BOOTS, 
SHOES, ETC. 

A. E. GUENSBURG, M. ST. PETER. E. GUENSBURG. 



J. M. QUINN, 



ALEX. QUIRT, 



DEALER IN 



DEALER IN 



ready-made clothing General Hardware 



Gents' Furnishing Goods, Hats, Caps, Boots, 
Shoes, Etc. 



Genesee St., iKortr Eivee. 



STOVES, TINWARE, MINERS AND LUMBERMEN'S 
SUPPLIES. 



TINSHOP IN CONNECTION. 



GENESEE ST., 



IRON.RIVER. 



150 The Menominee Iron Range. 



Menominee Iron Range. 

Facts worth knowing concerning the Iron Ore industries in the United States, with 
special reference to the production in the States of Michigan and Wisconsin. — Compiled 
from reliable official sources: 

In 1889 there were 592 producing mines, which reported to the Bureau of Statistics in the United 
States. Of these 73 were in Michigan and 16 in Wisconsin. 

These 592 mines produced 14,518,041 long tons of ore. 

The average value of this was $2.30 per ton. 

The total value of production was $33,351,978. 

Michigan's proportion of this value was $15,800,521, being an average of $2.70 per ton. 

Her total production was 5,856,169 tons. 

Wisconsin's share of value was $1,840,908, being an average of $2.20 per ton, on a total production of 
837.399 tons. 

Pennsylvania with 198 mines only produced 1,560,234 tons. 

The production of varieties of iron ore in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin respectively, was as 
follows: 

Brown Hematite — Michigan 33 2 . 2 57 Brown Hematite — Wisconsin 101,970 

Red " " 5,272,915 Red " " 735,429 

The consumption of iron ore in the United States in 1889 exceeded the domestic production by 
i,505.573 tons! 

The average percentage of iron in all the ores smelted in 1889 was 51.27 per cent. 

The average yield of all metal in Lake Superior ores was 60 per cent! 

In Alabama the yield was 46 per cent.; in Tennessee 39 per cent.; in Virginia 43 per cent. 

The increase in output of Michigan in 1889 over 1880 was 256.91 percent., of Wisconsin 2,163.24 
per cent. 

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania 
and Vermont decreased in output during the corresponding period from 4 to 76 per cent. 

As producers of iron ores, Michigan and Wisconsin have ranked in the five census years, as follows: 

1850, Wisconsin 16, Michigan 18 1880, Michigan 2, Wisconsin 15 

i860, Michigan 5, Wisconsin 13 1889, Michigan 1, Wisconsin 5 

1870, Michigan 1, Wisconsin 6 

In 1850 Michigan stood eighteenth out of 21 states, to-day she stands first out of 28 states and 
territories. 

In 1880 the total value of the iron mines of Michigan was $17,496,775. In 1889 their value had 
increased to $41,958,571. 

In 1889 Michigan and Wisconsin combined employed 14,764 overseers, miners and laborers, to whom 
was paid $6,904,517 in wages. 

Whilst the yield of the hard ores of Michigan are nearly one-third per cent, greater than those of the 
Virginias, the average expenditure for wages per ton of ore won is one-twelfth more only; viz., $1.19 per 
ton in Michigan and $1.09 in the Virginias. The average wages of miners per day in Michigan is $2.23; in 
the Virginias $1.13. 

In 1889 Michigan produced per each employe 452 long tons of ore ; Wisconsin 460 ; the Virginias 209. 

Whilst Michigan ore is nearly one-third richer than that of the Virginias, it costs /ess than one-fourth 
more per ton than it does the Virginias to produce it. 

From the Port of Escanaba, on Lake Michigan, 3,792,009 long tons of ore were shipped during the 
seven months of navigation in 1890. 

During twelve months of the same year Bilbao in Spain shipped but 4,272,918 tons. Whilst Spain's 
seaport, therefore, shipped at the rate of but 356,076 tons per month, Michigan's lake-port shipped at the 
rate of 541,715 tons per month, making Escanaba practically the greatest ore port in the world. 

During the month of August, 1891, Escanaba shipped over 600,000 tons of Michigan and Wisconsin ore. 

Crystal Falls, the remotest mining town from the water of any point on the Menominee Range, is only 
80 miles by rail from Escanaba. 

In c88g, 40 per cent, of the Marquette Range ores, and 16 per cent, of the Gogebic Range ores, besides 
the w hole of the Menominee Range ores, were shipped from Escanaba, having been carried there on the 
cars of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Co., who own and operate the huge Ore Docks at that place. 

The combined capacity of these docks is 116,000 tons, and 2,000 tons of Menominee ore have been 
loaded on an ore boat in 35 minutes! 

A study of these facts will demonstrate the advantages that confront the capitalist, should he look to 
the Menominee for the redemption of his elsewhere losses, or the acquisition of greater profits. 



INDEX OF MACHINERY ADVERTISERS, ETC, 



New York — Rand Drill Co. Chicago, III. — M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co. ; Chicago & Northwestern R'y Co. 
Akron, Ohio — The Webster Camp & Lane Co. Milwaukee, Wis. — The Edw. P. AllisCo. ; Marr 
& Richards Engraving Co.; The R. P. Elmore Co.; Commercial Bank; The Swain & Tate Co. 
London, Eng. — Proprietors of Iron. Iron Mountain, Mich. — First National Bank. 



AUTHOR OF: 
Ten Years in Winnipeg. 
In Crisp Attire. 

Manitoba and the Northwest in a Nutshell. 
Whispers from a Winchester. 
Kee-wa-tin the Debatable Land. 
With Kynse and TraYoie. 
Eseanaba the Iron Port of the World. 
The Menominee Iron Range, Etc., Etc., Etc. 



WALTER R. NURSEY, 
Statistician, Graphic Writer and Special Correspondent. 

LITERARY OJORK OP EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

Sixteen years' experience with the Indians of the Northwestern States 
and the Great West of Canada. Descriptive writing on Indian Manners 
and Customs in Peace and War. 

^KTXX^ID SPOETS 
In Manitoba, Montana, Saskatchewan, Dakota, Kee-wa-tin, Athabaska 
and British Columbia. With Canoe and Snow Shoe, Pack Horse and Dog 
Train, Rod and Rifle, from Hudson Bay to the Pacific Slope. 






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Half Tone Engravers on Copper or Zinc. 

Metal Engravers on Gold. Silver, Copper, Sneel, &c. , .. 

typera. Manufacturers of Notary and Corporation Seals. All Jtinda of Stencils 

made to order for Miners, Merchants, MillerB, Distillers. &c. 

MACK BLOCK, MILWAUKEE. 



AMBERG GRANITE CO.. 

QUARRIERS, CUTTERS AND POLISHERS. 

CONTRACTORS FOR ALL KINDS OF 

GRANITE * WORK. 

The Quarries and Works of this Company are the most complete in this country 
as regards facilities and conveniences for the production, working and handling of 
Granite, while the beaut}' of the several varities of stone equals any produced in Scot- 
land or elsewhere. The following quarries are the principal ones owned by this Company: 

THE "ABERDEEN" RED. 

THE "ARGYLE" GRAY. 

THE "MARTINDALE" LIGHT BLUE. 

THE "PIKE" DARK BLUE. 

BUILDING AND STREET PAVING OIORK A SPECIALTY. 



Persons intending to build are invited to call and examine our Works and Quarries. Estimates made 

on Architects' Plans. 

General Office 119 La Salle Street, Chicago. 

WM. A. ARMSTRONC, E. EDWARDS, Supt., 

President. Amberg, Wis. 



(Mniercial ' Bank fa 

105 G-^J^ZtTID ^-^ZEZtTTTIB, nvEIXj'V^-S.TJISIEE, -WIS. 

CAPITAL, $250,000. 
E. R. PAINE, President. J. G. FLINT, Vice-President. A. B. GEILFUSS, Cashier. 

Tra!?sact5 a Qerjeral J3aj?kij?g 611519655. 

Buys and sells Exchange, makes Collections on all accessible points, and loans 
money on good collaterals or acceptable personal endorsement. 

Solicits the accounts of Individuals, Firms, Merchants, Banks and Corporations on 
most favorable terms, and accords to Depositors and Correspondents every accommo- 
dation consistent with sound banking. 

ACCCCTNTG STEIOTLT PEIVJLTE -SuZKTO OOITFIDEKTIAL. 



EVERY MAN, WOMAN AND CHILD IS INVITED TO OPEN AN ACCOUNT WITH THIS BANK. 



AC A V 1 N G S DEPARTMENT Is 00nnecte< 3 witn this Bank and 

"r*' l/>H' ) UE >' r>'\ ' |" ^P ' INTEREST AI/LOOJED ON DEPOSITS 

at 4 per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually. Deposits of ONE DOLLAR or more received. 

DIRECTORS: 

E. R. PAINE, JOHN G. FLINT, JAMES KNEELAND, A. B. GEILFUSS, 

H. M. BENJAMIN, H. B. SANDERSON, J. F. PEIRCE. 




tfgjgEEH 



OYER 7,000 MILES 

OF THOROUGHLY EQUIPPED RAILWAY IN 

Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Northern 

Michigan, Minnesota, 
The Dakotas, Nebraska and Wyoming. 



FAST VEST1BULED TRAINS 

OF 

Wagner? ar^d Pullrgar} Palace Sleeping (2a ps, 

Free PvCdiQii^g (£t)air (2ars. 

Tourist Sleeping (£ars. t»#4 Superb DigiQg (2ars. 



No Change of Cars 

BETWEEN CHICAGO AND 

3an Francisco, 
Portland, 
Denver, 
at. Paal, 
Minneapolis, 



(J 



Dalatl), 

Council §laffs, 
Omal)a, 




The Ten-irist's Fei\ ? ©rite LoiFie 

TO 

MADISON, WAUKESHA, NEENAH, MENASHA, 

GREEN LAKE, MARQUETTE, LAKE GENEVA, FOX LAKE, 

DEYILS LAKE, GOGEBIC, LAKE MINNETONKA, 

AND THE 

J^(in)n)er {Resorts of % ^esf $nd Northwest 

For Reduced Rate Excursion Tickets, Maps, Time Tables, and General Information, apply to any 
Ticket Agent in the United States or Canada, or to the General Passenger and Ticket Agent at Chicago. 

W. H. NEWMAN, J. M. WHITMAN, W. A. THRALL, 

Third Vice-President. General Manager. Gen'l Passenger and Ticket Agent. 



WIRE ROPE, STEAM PUMPS, CORNISH 
PUMPS, BOILERS. 




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■AX3NIHDVIM 

oniiqvh aNnoHonaaNn 'SHV3 3HO 
'sains 'sxHHona axo 'saovo 'S3AV3HS 



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WE OFFER TO USERS OF 



. 1851 



PORTLAND CEMENT 



THE FOLLOWING RELIABLE BRANDS : 

DYCKERHOFF, HEYN BROS., HILTON AND HENRY. 

WE ALSO HANDLE MILWAUKEE AND LOUISVILLE. 

We carry a large stock of Fire Brick and Fire Clay. We can refer to many Mining Companies who are 

buyers of the goods we handle. 

TIHIIE IR_ DP. ELMOEE CO., 

MITj^TiLTJKEE, ■WIS. 

M. C. BULLOCK M'F'G CO., 

CHICAGO, ILL. 




SPECIALTI ES : 

Diflrrjond pointed Core Drills. 

Hand Power Drills for Shallow Drilling and for Localities Inaccessible 

to Steam Power Plants. 

Power Drills for Steam or Air. 

Line's Patent Band Friction Hoists. 

Deep Mine Hoisting Plants. Light Hoists for Exploring. 

BOlIock Corliss Engines. 

Murphy Fans for Ventilation of Buildings and Mines. 

General Mining Machinery. 

(^specify requirements when writing. 



IR©N 



AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, METALS AND MANUFACTURES IN IRON AND STEEL. 

ESTABLISHED IN THE YEAR 1823 AS THE "MECHANICS' MAGAZINE." 

EDITED BY PERRY F. NURSEY, C. E. 

This Journal has attained a large circulation in the United Kingdom, being also extensively read in the 
United States, the British Colonies and the Continent of Europe. Covering as it does with its subscription 
list the industrial centers of the world, it offers to Engineers, Contractors, Metal Merchants, Brokers, and 
to Manufacturers generally connected with these trades, an admirable medium for Advertising. 

Subscription Price, Including Postage, $7.50 Per Annum. 

FOR ADVERTISING RATES, ETC., ADDRESS, 

THE IPDROZPIRIETOIRS OF XJEiOUT, 

161 PLEET STREET. LONDON. B. O. 



John R. Wood, President. 
Oliver Evans, Cashier. 

J. A. Crowell. 



DIRECTORS. 
W. S. Laing. 



John Perkins, Vice President. 
R. Silverwood, Ass't Cashier. 

A. F. Wright. 



first National <f)ank 



OF IRON MOUNTAIN, MICHIGAN. 



Capital, $50,000,00, Surplus and Profits, $15,000,00, 



Solicits Accounts, makes Collections, Allows Interest on Deposits. 

Discounts Commercial Paper, 

Loans Money on Approved Collaterals, 

Issues Drafts and Money Orders on all parts of the Known World, 

and in every way, not interfering with its own well-being 

and doing, accommodates its patrons. 



Steamship Tickets. 



Co., 

LLS, 

iCHINERY. 




Fremont Pfcak 




' SaLih 




jlS^Y 




^*- 




01 NT AH V 






IT T// 




^ J 










COMPRESSORS.^ 



and immediate 
;rs, plain or 

L NON- 



MADE. 



S. A. 



Rand Drill Co., 



-MANUFACTURERS OF- 



ROCK DRILLS, 

MINING AND QUARRYING MACHINERY. 




<ISTRAIGHT LINE AIR COMPRESSORS.^ 

^DUPLEX AIR COMPRESSORS.^ 



REGULAR OR COMPOUND AIR CYLINDER AND IMMEDIATE 
RECEIVER, MEYER AND CORLISS DRIVERS, PLAIN OR 
COMPOUNDED, CONDENSING OR NON- 
CONDENSING. 



THE MOST ECONOMICAL AIR COMPRESSORS MADE. 



23 dpa.iesjk: place. 
New York City, U. S. A. 




<«ff-i:*7*;fc* 



OYER 7,000 MILES 

OF THOROUGHLY EQUIPPED RAILWAY IN 

Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Northern 

Michigan, Minnesota, 
The Dakotas, Nebraska and Wyoming, 



FAST VESTIBULED TRAINS 

OF 

Wa^Qep ar^d Pullrrjan Palace Sleeping <Za fs, 

Free PveclijQipj^ (Zl^aip <Zars. 

Tourist Sleeping (£ai?s. t*#*t Superb Pin,inj§ (Zaps. 



O 



No Change of Cars 

BETWEEN CHICAGO AND 

v5an Prandsco, 
Portland, 
Denver, 
at. Pant, 
AVmneapolis, 

"^^! Dnlntl), 
'T\ Council fluffs, 
Omal)a, 
'J 3ionx City,. 



Th© T©iarist's F&ivorite Ld1fi@ 




MADISON, WAUKESHA, NEENAH, MENASHA, 

GREEK LAKE, MARQUETTE, LAKE GENEVA, FOX LAKE, 

DEYIL'S LAKE, GOGEBIC, LAKE MINNETONKA, 

AND THE 

?)(in)n)er Resorts of the ^st and Northwest 

For Reduced Rate Excursion Tickets, Maps, Time Tables, and General Information, apply to any 
Ticket Agent in the United States or Canada, or to the General Passenger and Ticket Agent at Chicago. 

W. H. NEWMAN, J. M. WHITMAN, W. A. THRALL, 

General Manager. Gen'l Passenger and Ticket Agcnt_ 



Third Vice-President. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



,1111 
006 731 955 2 



■ 



■ 



